How would a scientist use DNA or protein sequences from three different organisms to construct a cladogram?
don't understand this how do I write this???? help!!!!
2 years and still no answer huh?
the other two just have people arguing.
^^^^ Dat Guy lmao
To construct a cladogram using DNA or protein sequences from three different organisms, a scientist would follow these steps:
1. Obtain the DNA or protein sequences: The scientist would need to collect and obtain the DNA or protein sequences from the three organisms of interest. This can be done by extracting and sequencing the DNA or using techniques to identify and sequence the proteins.
2. Identify homologous sequences: The next step is to compare the sequences obtained from the different organisms to identify regions that are similar or homologous. Homologous sequences share a common ancestry and can be used to determine evolutionary relationships.
3. Align the sequences: Once homologous sequences are identified, the scientist would align them. Sequence alignment involves arranging the sequences so that corresponding positions are matched up. This can be done manually or by using computational tools. Aligning sequences allows for identifying similarities and differences within the sequences.
4. Determine genetic differences: By comparing the aligned sequences, the scientist can identify the genetic differences among the organisms. These differences can be in the form of insertions, deletions, or substitutions, known as genetic mutations.
5. Construct a distance matrix: The next step is to create a distance matrix based on the observed genetic differences. A distance matrix shows the genetic distances between different organisms based on the number of genetic differences observed. This serves as a representation of how closely related the organisms are.
6. Create a cladogram: Using the distance matrix, the scientist can then construct a cladogram. A cladogram is a branching diagram that represents the evolutionary relationships between different organisms. The organisms with lesser genetic differences are considered more closely related and are placed closer on the cladogram.
Overall, the process involves obtaining DNA or protein sequences, identifying homologous sequences, aligning them, determining genetic differences, creating a distance matrix, and finally constructing a cladogram to represent the evolutionary relationships between the organisms.