In what model of the universe did philosophers of the middle ages believe? Give details
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geocentric_model
During the Middle Ages, philosophers and scholars commonly subscribed to a geocentric model of the universe. This model, known as the Ptolemaic system or the Aristotelian-Ptolemaic cosmology, was based on the teachings of Greek philosopher Aristotle and further expanded upon by astronomer Ptolemy.
According to this model, Earth was considered the center of the universe, and all celestial bodies, including the Sun, Moon, planets, and stars, revolved around it in concentric spheres. Each celestial object was attached to a specific sphere, and these spheres were believed to be made of a transparent substance.
The Ptolemaic model incorporated several key elements to explain the observed movements of celestial bodies. One such concept was the introduction of epicycles, which were small circles within the larger spheres. This accounted for the irregular or retrograde motion that planets seemed to exhibit at times.
To arrive at these conclusions, philosophers and astronomers of the Middle Ages relied on a combination of studying previous works, mathematical calculations, and observation of the night sky. They often referred to ancient Greek works, such as Aristotle's "On the Heavens," as well as Ptolemy's "Almagest," which became a central source on astronomy during this period.
It is important to note that during the Middle Ages, religious beliefs heavily influenced scientific thought, and the geocentric model aligned with the prevailing religious and philosophical views of the time. However, later scientific advancements, such as Nicolaus Copernicus' heliocentric model and the subsequent work of Galileo Galilei, would challenge and ultimately overturn the geocentric worldview.