Describe the fundamental philosophies surrounding the purpose of sentencing
to revenge and proportionality
What makes you certain it is revenge vs proportionality? Take the death penalty: Proportionality is revenge, is it not?
It seems to me the scales of justice balance vengeance against rehabilitation, and that is the fundamental philosophical argument.
Now how does proportionality fit into this? Proportionality, or fitting the sentence to the gravity of the crime, is fundamentally measured vengeance, the vengeance (or revenge) is scaled to the crime, it has noting to do with rehabilitation. Porportionality is measured vengeance. Eye for an eye is vengence (revenge).
Now turning the other cheek, compassion, and turning the cheek (parole, pardon, probation) is another different philosophy.