1.What group of people organized trade in medieval cities?
2.In a European feudal society what is a fief?
3.Why did both Muslims and Christians want to control the Holy Land?
4.What technologies contributed to the Age of Exploration?
5.What advancements did Peter the Great make for Russia?
6.What is the Enlightenment?
7.What are some of the causes of the English Civil War?
8.What event led to World War ll?
9.Why did the Cold War end?
10.What countries are members of NAFTA?
11.Explain what the Renaissance was. Why was Northern Italy a good place for the Renaissance to start?
12.What was life like before the Industrial Revolution? What was life like after the Industrial Revolution?
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1 Guilds
2 Land given in exchange for loyalty
3 they believed it was a sacred place
4 circumnaigation
5 He modernized the army
6 The power of reason is most important
7 Charles I did not recognize Parliament's power
8 German invasion of Poland
9 Communism in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union collapsed
10 The US Canada and Mexico
11 Northern Italy was a natural birthplace because it was in the center of trade
12 It was different because there wasn't any cars, kids worked, and you had to use rowboats or sailboats to travel on water.
1. In medieval cities, trade was organized by groups of people known as guilds. Guilds were associations of merchants, craftsmen, and traders who came together to regulate trade activities, set standards, protect the interests of their members, and maintain quality control. They played a significant role in organizing and controlling economic activities in medieval cities.
To find more information on this topic, you can search for "medieval city trade organization" or "role of guilds in medieval trade."
2. In European feudal society, a fief was a piece of land or estate given to a vassal by a lord in exchange for the vassal's loyalty and military service. It was essentially a grant of land, which the vassal could use for personal gain, but they were also obligated to provide military support to their lord in times of war.
To learn more about the feudal system and the concept of a fief, you can search for "feudal society definition" or "feudal system fief."
3. Both Muslims and Christians wanted to control the Holy Land for religious, political, and economic reasons. The Holy Land, comprising Jerusalem and its surroundings, holds immense religious significance for both Islam and Christianity. Muslim rulers sought to control it as it was believed to be the site of Prophet Muhammad's ascension to heaven. Similarly, Christians were eager to control the Holy Land as it was the birthplace of Jesus Christ and held great religious significance for their faith.
For a more comprehensive understanding of why Muslims and Christians wanted to control the Holy Land, you can search for "reasons for Muslim Christian conflict over Holy Land."
4. Several technologies contributed to the Age of Exploration. These technological advancements enabled Europeans to embark on long-distance voyages and discover new lands, trade routes, and resources. Some key technologies included:
- The astrolabe and improved navigational instruments allowed sailors to determine their latitude and navigate more accurately.
- The compass provided a reliable means of navigation, enabling sailors to maintain their course even when the stars were not visible.
- The caravel, a versatile ship design, facilitated long-distance voyages with its improved sailing capabilities.
- The printing press helped disseminate maps, charts, and knowledge about geography and exploration.
- Gunpowder and advancements in shipbuilding and cannon technology made maritime warfare more effective and influenced the colonization of new territories.
To delve deeper into the technologies that contributed to the Age of Exploration, you can search for "technological advancements in the Age of Exploration."
5. Peter the Great, the Tsar of Russia from 1682 to 1725, made several advancements for Russia. Some of his notable achievements include:
- Modernizing and reforming the Russian army by introducing Western military tactics, conscription, and a standing army.
- Expanding Russia's territory and establishing control over territories such as Crimea, the Baltic region, and parts of Central Asia.
- Building a new capital city, St. Petersburg, as a symbol of Russia's modernization and as a gateway to the West.
- Encouraging education and scientific research by establishing schools, universities, and academies.
- Modernizing Russia's economy by promoting industry, trade, and mining activities.
To explore more about Peter the Great's advancements for Russia, you can search for "achievements of Peter the Great."
6. The Enlightenment was an intellectual and cultural movement that took place in Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries. It emphasized reason, logic, and scientific thinking as means to improve society, politics, and human understanding. The Enlightenment thinkers sought to challenge the traditional authority of the church and monarchy and advocated for individual liberties, religious tolerance, and social reforms.
To gain a deeper understanding of the Enlightenment, you can search for "definition of Enlightenment" or "philosophers of the Enlightenment."
7. The English Civil War was caused by several factors, including:
- Political disputes between the monarchy and Parliament over the balance and extent of power.
- Religious tensions between Protestants (particularly Puritans) and the Church of England.
- Economic grievances and frustrations, including disagreements about taxation, trade policies, and perceived mismanagement of resources.
- Social and regional divisions, including differences between the nobility and the rising middle class, as well as geographic disparities between the North and South of England.
To explore further the causes of the English Civil War, you can search for "causes of the English Civil War."
8. World War II was triggered by the German invasion of Poland on September 1, 1939. This event marked the start of the war and led to various other countries declaring war on Germany as a result of commitments and alliances.
To delve deeper into the events leading to World War II, you can search for "causes of World War II" or "German invasion of Poland."
9. The Cold War ended primarily due to the following reasons:
- The economic strain of maintaining a nuclear arms race and the escalating cost of military expenditures, which put pressure on the Soviet Union's economy.
- The reforms and policies introduced by Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, known as perestroika (restructuring) and glasnost (openness), aimed at modernizing the Soviet system and reducing tensions with the West.
- The political and social changes in Eastern Europe, such as the fall of the Berlin Wall and the emerging democratic movements, which led to the collapse of Communist regimes.
- Negotiations and diplomatic efforts between the United States and the Soviet Union, including arms control agreements like the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty.
For a broader understanding of why the Cold War ended, you can search for "reasons for the end of the Cold War."
10. The members of NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) include the United States, Canada, and Mexico. NAFTA is a trade agreement that aimed to reduce trade barriers and promote economic cooperation between these countries.
To confirm the current members of NAFTA or explore more about the agreement, you can search for "current members of NAFTA" or "NAFTA explained."
11. The Renaissance was a period of great cultural and intellectual revival in Europe that spanned from the 14th to the 17th century. It was characterized by a renewed interest in classical learning, arts, literature, and scientific inquiry. The Renaissance led to significant advancements in various fields and laid the foundation for modern Western civilization.
Northern Italy was an ideal place for the Renaissance to start due to various factors. Firstly, it had a thriving urban culture and wealthy city-states, such as Florence and Venice, which supported and patronized artists, scholars, and thinkers. The region's strategic location at the crossroads of trade routes facilitated the exchange of ideas, information, and goods with the Byzantine Empire and the Islamic world. Additionally, the remnants of ancient Roman civilization and the rediscovery of Greek and Roman texts further fueled intellectual curiosity and artistic inspiration.
For a more comprehensive understanding of the Renaissance and why Northern Italy played a crucial role, you can search for "definition of the Renaissance" or "Renaissance in Northern Italy."
12. Life before the Industrial Revolution was primarily agrarian and centered around agriculture and manual labor. People lived in rural communities and worked on farms, usually practicing subsistence farming to meet their basic needs. There were limited opportunities for social mobility, and the standard of living was generally low. Technology and manufacturing were not highly developed, and most goods were produced through artisanal and handcrafted methods.
After the Industrial Revolution, there was a significant shift from agrarian to industrialized societies. The introduction of new manufacturing processes, powered by steam engines and later electricity, led to the mechanization of production and the establishment of factories. This brought about mass production, economic growth, urbanization, and a rise in living standards for some. However, it also led to poor working conditions, environmental challenges, and increased social and economic inequalities.
To explore further the differences between life before and after the Industrial Revolution, you can search for "life before the Industrial Revolution" and "impact of the Industrial Revolution."