1) How did eugenics reinforce nativist ideals?

A: Eugenics fueled the nativists' argument for the superiority of the "original" American stock--white Protestants of northern European descent.

2) What political, social, and economic contributions did women make to American society in the 1920s?

A: Fashion took on a modern look during the 1920s, as women "bobbed" or short-ended, their hair and wore flesh-colored silk stockings. In this new culture, the carefree, chic "flapper" played a prominent role. Through hardly typical of American women at the time, the flapper--a young, dramatic, stylish, and unconventional woman--personified women's changing behavior in the 1920s. The flapper smoked cigarettes, drank prohibited liquor, and dressed in attire too revealing by previous generations. While flappers pursued social freedoms, other women sought financial independence by entering the workforce, many of them as salesclerks, secretaries, or telephone operators. There were a few women who made contributions in science, medicine, law, or literature. In science, Florence Sabin's medical research led to a dramatic drop in death rates from tuberculosis. In literature, Edith Wharton received the Pulitzer Prize for her novel "The Age of Innocence." Public health nurse Margaret Sanger, believing that the standard of living could be improved if families limited the number of children they had, founded the American Birth Control League in 1921. This organization became Planned Parenthood in the 1940s. In 1928 Margaret Mead, one of the first female anthropologists, published the highly regarded study, "Coming of Age in Samoa," which described life in a Pacific island culture.

In politics, women made significant gains in the 1920s. The 19th Amendment to the Constitution, ratified in 1920, granted women the right to vote. The League of Women Voters was founded in 1920 to help women understand the issues and candidates in the election process. The National Women's Party, founded in 1916, continued to fight for equal rights for women. In 1922, Rebecca Felton of Georgia became the first woman to serve in the U.S. Senate.

3) What were some major causes of the Great Depression in the United States?

A: The Great Depression was caused by a combination of factors. One major cause was the stock market crash of 1929, which led to a collapse of the financial system. This was fueled by speculation and excessive borrowing in the stock market. Another cause was the unequal distribution of wealth, with much of the nation's wealth held by a small percentage of the population. This resulted in a lack of consumer purchasing power, as most people did not have enough money to spend on goods and services. Additionally, a series of bank failures and a decrease in international trade contributed to the economic downturn. The Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act, which raised import duties and led to retaliatory measures by other countries, also played a role in worsening the economic situation. Finally, monetary and fiscal policy mistakes by the Federal Reserve and the government, such as tightening of credit and reduction of government spending, further deepened the depression.

4) What were the major provisions of the 19th Amendment to the United States Constitution?

A: The 19th Amendment, ratified in 1920, granted women the right to vote. Its major provisions included prohibiting the denial or abridgment of the right to vote on account of sex, and empowering Congress to enforce this amendment through appropriate legislation. This amendment marked a significant milestone in the women's suffrage movement and the fight for gender equality in the United States.

5) What were the main goals of the Progressive Era in the early 20th century?

A: The Progressive Era, which took place from the late 19th century to the early 20th century, aimed to address various social, political, and economic issues in American society. Its main goals included promoting social and political reforms, advocating for workers' rights and labor protections, regulating and controlling big business and monopolies, improving public health and education, and expanding democracy and participation in government. Progressives sought to address the problems caused by industrialization, urbanization, and political corruption, and to create a more just and equitable society.

To answer the question about the reinforcement of nativist ideals by eugenics, we need to understand what eugenics is and how it relates to nativism.

Eugenics is a social and scientific movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, aiming to improve the genetic quality of the human population by promoting selective breeding and sterilization, among other methods. Nativism, on the other hand, refers to the belief in the superiority of native-born citizens over immigrants.

During this time period, eugenics gained popularity in the United States, particularly among certain groups of people who believed in preserving and promoting the supposed superiority of the "original" American stock, which referred to white Protestants of northern European descent. These people saw eugenics as a means to protect their racial and cultural identity by restricting immigration from countries they deemed inferior.

Eugenics reinforced nativist ideals by offering a pseudo-scientific justification for policies that restricted or discouraged immigration from certain regions or groups. It provided a framework to support the preservation of racial purity and the dominance of the "native" population.

Overall, eugenics fueled the nativists' argument for superiority, and the two ideologies became intertwined in their efforts to protect and promote a particular racial and cultural identity.