Describe 3 accomplishments of Sumerian civilization and explain how each influenced later people
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Describe three accomplishments of Sumeriarn civilization and explain how each influenced later peoples.
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The Sumerian civilization, which emerged in Mesopotamia around 4500 BCE, was an influential and advanced society that contributed significantly to the development of subsequent civilizations. Here are three key accomplishments of the Sumerians, along with explanations of how they influenced later people:
1. Invention of Writing: One of the most significant achievements of the Sumerians was the invention of a writing system known as cuneiform. Cuneiform was based on wedge-shaped marks made on clay tablets, and it allowed the Sumerians to record information, communicate, and preserve history. This breakthrough transformed not only Sumerian society but also had a profound impact on later civilizations. The development of writing by the Sumerians paved the way for the creation of more advanced scripts such as Egyptian hieroglyphics, Phoenician alphabet, and eventually led to the modern alphabets used worldwide.
2. Creation of the City-State: The Sumerians were among the first to establish complex urban societies, giving rise to the concept of city-states. These independent city-states, such as Uruk, Ur, and Lagash, featured organized governments, specialized labor, and centralized economies. The Sumerians created legal codes, built monumental architecture, and developed intricate social hierarchies. The concept of city-states profoundly influenced later civilizations, including the Greeks, who adopted similar models and ideas and expanded upon them to form their own city-state civilizations.
3. Advancements in Science and Mathematics: The Sumerians made notable contributions to the fields of science and mathematics. They developed a highly sophisticated counting system based on the number 60, which led to the division of the hour into 60 minutes and the circle into 360 degrees. Moreover, the Sumerians made significant strides in astronomy, accurately observing celestial bodies and recording astral events. These advancements became the foundation for future scientific and mathematical discoveries. For instance, the Babylonians, who inherited much of Sumerian knowledge, built upon their astronomical observations and developed intricate mathematical calculations. The Babylonian system of mathematics, including the concept of zero and the use of algebraic equations, greatly influenced Greek and later Islamic scholars, ultimately shaping the development of mathematics worldwide.
In summary, the Sumerians' accomplishments in writing, creation of city-states, and advancements in science and mathematics had a profound impact on later civilizations. Their invention of writing laid the foundation for future written languages, the concept of city-states influenced later Greek models of governance, and their advancements in science and mathematics influenced mathematical systems used by subsequent societies. The Sumerian legacy remains embedded in the history of human civilization as their innovations paved the way for the development of various aspects of our modern world.