Construct a scatterplot.

b. Draw a regression line through the data point that “fits” the data points reasonably well.
c. Enclose the data points with a ellipse.
d. Estimate the direction of the correlation.
e. Estimate the strength of the correlation coefficient.
5. For the data presented below, answer the questions that follow.

Score on political Score on current
Individual awareness test events test
1 24 23
2 16 12
3 11 11
4 9 6
5 8 13
6 14 11
7 17 16
8 19 16
9 21 21
10 25 25
11 18 11
12 13 13
13 11 14
14 6 10
15 9 10
16 12 7

f. Now, use only the data points associated with current event scores and lower and indicate the effects this has on the direction and strength of the correlation coefficient.
g. Explain why this is the case.
h. Explain in words what a non-truncated scatterplot means.
i. Identify how likely it is that a causal relationship has been indicated.

To construct a scatterplot and answer the questions related to it, follow these steps:

Step 1: Input the data points into a graphing software or a spreadsheet program such as Microsoft Excel. You will have two sets of data points: the score on the political individual test and the score on the current events test.

Step 2: Plot the data points on a scatterplot. The x-axis represents the score on the political individual test, and the y-axis represents the score on the current events test. Each data point will have coordinates (x, y).

Step 3: Once the scatterplot is constructed, draw a regression line through the data points that reasonably fits the data. The regression line should represent the overall trend of the data.

Step 4: Draw an ellipse around the data points to enclose them. The ellipse should encompass most of the data points and indicate the spread of the data.

Step 5: Estimate the direction of the correlation by observing the overall trend of the data points. If the data points tend to increase as you move from left to right, the correlation is positive. If the data points tend to decrease as you move from left to right, the correlation is negative.

Step 6: Estimate the strength of the correlation coefficient by looking at how closely the data points align with the regression line. If the data points are closely clustered around the regression line, the correlation is strong. If the data points are widely scattered away from the regression line, the correlation is weak.

Now, let's answer the specific questions related to the given data:

f. Use only the data points associated with current event scores lower than a certain threshold. By removing higher scores on the current events test, the direction and strength of the correlation coefficient may change.

g. This is the case because removing higher scores on the current events test will likely decrease the correlation between the two variables. The remaining data points may show a weaker or even no correlation between political individual scores and lower current events scores.

h. A non-truncated scatterplot means that all the data points are included in the plot without removing any outliers or specific subsets of data. It provides a comprehensive view of the relationship between the variables without excluding any data.

i. Based solely on a scatterplot and correlation coefficient, it is not appropriate to establish a causal relationship between the variables. Correlation only indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between the variables, but causation requires additional evidence and experimental design to establish a causal link.