a) Initial filtration occurs when blood pressure forces fluid out of the __________ and into __________.
b) Blood enters the glomerulus through the __________ and leaves through the __________.
c) Describe what normally passes into Bowman's capsule.
d) What substances are moved back into the blood to create a concentration gradient?
a) Initial filtration occurs when blood pressure forces fluid out of the glomerulus and into Bowman's capsule.
To get this answer, you can refer to the structure and function of the renal system. The glomerulus is a tuft of small blood vessels located within Bowman's capsule in the kidneys. Filtration occurs at the glomerulus, where blood pressure forces fluid and solutes from the blood plasma into Bowman's capsule.
b) Blood enters the glomerulus through the afferent arteriole and leaves through the efferent arteriole.
To find this information, you can study the anatomy of the renal system. The glomerulus is part of a network of blood vessels in the kidney. The afferent arteriole brings blood into the glomerulus, while the efferent arteriole carries blood away from the glomerulus.
c) Normally, small molecules such as water, electrolytes (ions), glucose, amino acids, and waste products like urea pass into Bowman's capsule.
To answer this question, you need to understand the process of filtration in the renal system. During filtration, substances that are small enough to pass through the filtration membrane are filtered from the blood into Bowman's capsule. This includes small molecules like water, electrolytes, glucose, amino acids, and waste products like urea.
d) Substances such as glucose, amino acids, and some ions are actively transported back into the blood to create a concentration gradient.
To learn about substances that are moved back into the blood, you can study the process of reabsorption in the renal system. After filtration, certain substances that are needed by the body, such as glucose and amino acids, are actively transported back into the blood from the renal tubules. This process helps create a concentration gradient, which is necessary for the reabsorption of other substances like water and ions.
a) Initial filtration occurs when blood pressure forces fluid out of the **glomerular capillaries** and into **Bowman's capsule**.
b) Blood enters the glomerulus through the **afferent arteriole** and leaves through the **efferent arteriole**.
c) Normally, small molecules such as **water, electrolytes (sodium, potassium, etc.), glucose, amino acids, urea, and some vitamins** pass into Bowman's capsule.
d) To create a concentration gradient, **sodium** ions and **glucose** are moved back into the blood by an active transport mechanism in the **proximal convoluted tubule**.