a launch window of 8:00 to 12:00. If t represents the launch time then what is an acceptable range of values for launch times?

My thoughts are on this is that the scientist have a window of 4 hours which can include 8:00 and 12:00 but cannot exceed them. So time could be added to eight but could not go over the 12:00 but could include it.
should it be |12-t| -4 < or equal to zero?

no, that would mean 8 <= t <= 16

That is an 8-hr window centered at 12:00

You want

|10-t| <= 2