what do coefficents represent in a balanced equation?
What would removing air from a sealed container do to the container?
What does it mean that "like dissolves like"?
Dissolving a solute in a solvent does what to the solven'ts freezing and boiling points?
What must be true for a reaction to occur spontaneoulsy?
(a) Coefficients represent molecules, or formula units, or moles, depending on the situation.
(b) Removing air from a sealed container reduces the pressure inside it. How this affects the container, depends on the strength and rigidity of the container.
(c) Polar solvents dissolve polar and ionic solutes and nonpolar solvents dissolve nonpolar solutes.
(d) The freezing point of a solution is always lower than the freezing point of the pure liquid.
(e) Spontaneous reactions have low activation energy
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1. In a balanced equation, the coefficients represent the stoichiometric ratios between the reactants and products. They indicate the relative number of molecules, moles, or particles involved in a chemical reaction. To determine the coefficients in a balanced equation, you need to use the concept of conservation of mass, ensuring that the same number of atoms of each element is present on both sides of the equation.
2. Removing air from a sealed container would create a vacuum inside, which means there would be a decrease in pressure. This decrease in pressure could potentially cause the container to collapse or implode, especially if it is not structurally strong enough to withstand the external atmospheric pressure acting on it. It is important to note that the specific outcome may depend on the strength and integrity of the container.
3. The phrase "like dissolves like" refers to the solubility of substances in a solvent. It means that substances with similar polarities or intermolecular forces tend to dissolve in each other. Polar solvents (such as water) typically dissolve polar solutes (such as salts or sugars), while nonpolar solvents (such as oil) dissolve nonpolar solutes (such as oil-based compounds).
4. Dissolving a solute in a solvent can affect the freezing and boiling points of the solvent. Adding a solute to a solvent elevates its boiling point and depresses its freezing point. The presence of solute particles disrupts the intermolecular interactions between the solvent molecules, making it harder for the solvent to transition from a liquid to a solid (raising the freezing point) or from a liquid to a gas (elevating the boiling point).
5. For a reaction to occur spontaneously, it must meet certain conditions:
- The free energy change (∆G) of the reaction must be negative. This means that the products have lower Gibbs free energy than the reactants.
- The reaction must have a favorable entropy change (∆S). Generally, spontaneous reactions lead to an increase in the overall randomness or entropy in a system.
- The reaction must also have a favorable enthalpy change (∆H). Although this is not a strict requirement for spontaneity, reactions with lower energy states are more likely to occur spontaneously.
- The reaction must occur under the appropriate conditions, including temperature, pressure, and concentration, for the reaction to proceed spontaneously.