What accounts for the rather late emergence of African countries as independent nation-states? Is there something peculiar about Africa that delayed its drive for independence? (Begin with a specific African country and argue your case.)
Most of Africa was colonized by European nations that exploited the people, built little infrastructure, and thwarted attempts at self-rule.
To understand the late emergence of African countries as independent nation-states, let's focus on the case of Nigeria and explore some key factors that influenced the timing of its drive for independence. Nigeria serves as a representative example, but similar factors were found in other African nations.
1. Historical Colonization: Nigeria was colonized by the British Empire for over a century, starting in the late 19th century. The British administration maintained control over Nigeria as a colony rather than promoting self-governance. This delayed the development of autonomous political institutions necessary for nation-building.
2. Economic Exploitation: The British exploitation of Nigeria's natural resources, particularly oil and agricultural products, created economic dependence. This economic exploitation hindered the growth of a domestic middle class and limited the emergence of economic institutions that could support an independent state.
3. Ethnic Diversity: Nigeria is characterized by ethnic diversity, with over 250 ethnic groups. This diversity, which was accentuated during the colonial period, posed challenges to the formation of a unified national identity and delayed the demand for independence. Different groups had varied interests and beliefs, creating difficulties in finding consensus and unity.
4. Regional Disparities: Nigeria also faces significant regional disparities, both in terms of economic development and political power. The more developed regions, such as the south, often had greater exposure to Western education and ideals, accelerating the desire for independence. In contrast, some less-developed northern regions had closer ties to Islamic traditions and were initially more resistant to independence movements.
5. International Geopolitics: The global political context also influenced the timing of Nigeria's independence. After World War II, the international community increasingly supported self-determination and decolonization. The wave of independence movements in Africa gained momentum during the 1950s and 1960s, which created a conducive environment for Nigeria's push for independence.
In summary, the late emergence of African countries as independent nation-states, including Nigeria, can be attributed to a combination of factors such as historical colonization, economic exploitation, ethnic diversity, regional disparities, and international geopolitical circumstances. These factors collectively contributed to a prolonged process of nation-building and delayed the drive for independence in Africa.