mmanuel Kant argues that we have _______moral duties to animals.
a.
No.
b.
Direct.
c.
Indirect.
d.
Innumera
To answer this question, you would first need to understand Immanuel Kant's ethical framework. Kant argues for a moral theory known as deontology, which focuses on duty and moral obligations.
In Kant's philosophy, he distinguishes between moral obligations towards humans (rational beings) and animals (non-rational beings). According to Kant, rational beings have moral value and should be treated as ends in themselves, while non-rational beings such as animals don't possess moral rights and are considered means to an end.
Therefore, Kant argues that we do not have direct moral duties to animals (option B). However, he does recognize that our treatment of animals can indirectly affect our moral duties towards humans. For example, being cruel to animals might desensitize us to cruelty and make it more likely that we treat humans in a similar way. In this sense, our duties towards animals are indirect (option C).
So, the correct answer is option C: Indirect. Kant argues that we have indirect moral duties to animals.