Shaw and McKay’s (1931) research supported what important finding of gang membership?

A. Gangs directly caused illegal behavior.

B. Gangs provided a means of obtaining valued aspects of mainstream society.

C. Gangs were often the result of a strong ethnic subculture.

D. Gangs were often characterized by a cohesive group.

im confused between B and C

2. Campbell’s 1984 book The Girls in the Gang described female gang members as:
A. violent.

B. independent and rejecting traditional values.

C. socially conservative, with traditional values.

D. goal-oriented

is it C

To determine the correct answer for both questions, let's break down the options and the information given.

1. Shaw and McKay's research supports what important finding of gang membership?
A. Gangs directly caused illegal behavior.
B. Gangs provided a means of obtaining valued aspects of mainstream society.
C. Gangs were often the result of a strong ethnic subculture.
D. Gangs were often characterized by a cohesive group.

Shaw and McKay's research, conducted in 1931, focused on crime and delinquency in Chicago. They found that there was a correlation between high rates of delinquency and crime with the neighborhood's social disorganization. This disorganization was linked to the presence of poverty, ethnic heterogeneity, and residential instability.

Based on this information, the correct answer is C. Gangs were often the result of a strong ethnic subculture. Shaw and McKay's research highlighted the role of social disorganization and neighborhood factors in the formation and persistence of gangs, which often revolved around specific ethnic or cultural groups.

2. Campbell's 1984 book The Girls in the Gang described female gang members as:
A. violent.
B. independent and rejecting traditional values.
C. socially conservative, with traditional values.
D. goal-oriented.

To determine the correct answer, we need to consider the content of Campbell's book, "The Girls in the Gang." This book examined the experiences and motivations of female gang members. Without specific knowledge of the book, it may be difficult to determine the exact characteristics Campbell ascribed to female gang members.

However, based on the provided options, it is reasonable to conclude that the correct answer is B. independent and rejecting traditional values. This option suggests that female gang members, as described by Campbell, are characterized by their independence and rejection of traditional societal norms and values.