1. Which of the following involves rationalizing misconduct by perceiving informal norms – such as secrecy or loyalty to fellow officers – to be more important than societal laws, norms, or the formal norms of the organization by which one is employed?

Denial of responsibility

Denial of victim

Denial of injury

Appeal to higher loyalties

im confused between A and B

2. Natural law theorists might argue that a law is unjust if it has which of the following characteristics?

It is discriminatory.

It is unjustly applied.

It is degrading to humans.

Any or all of the above

is it D

1. is neither A nor B.

2. I agree.

is number one D

1. C. The person who overlooks the misdeeds of family or coworkers is appealing to what s/he thinks is a higher loyalty.

1. The term you are looking for is "Appeal to higher loyalties." This concept refers to rationalizing misconduct by prioritizing informal norms, such as secrecy or loyalty to fellow officers, over societal laws, norms, or formal organizational norms. Denial of responsibility, denial of victim, and denial of injury are different concepts related to the attribution of blame or responsibility in certain situations.

To arrive at the correct answer:
- Read each option and understand its meaning.
- Identify the option that best matches the description given in the question.
- In this case, you are looking for the option that involves rationalizing misconduct by perceiving informal norms to be more important than societal laws.
- By comparing the options, you will find that the most suitable answer is "Appeal to higher loyalties."

2. Based on the information provided, the correct answer is "Any or all of the above." Natural law theorists argue that if a law is discriminatory, unjustly applied, or degrading to humans, it would be considered unjust. All three characteristics mentioned (discriminatory, unjustly applied, degrading to humans) fulfill the criteria of being unjust according to natural law theory.

To arrive at the correct answer:
- Understand the characteristics mentioned in the question: discriminatory, unjustly applied, and degrading to humans.
- Determine if a law can be considered unjust if it possesses any or all of these characteristics.
- By analyzing the options, you will find that the answer "Any or all of the above" encompasses all the mentioned characteristics and aligns with the viewpoint of natural law theorists.