1. Which of the following, according to Carl Klockars, is NOT an important consideration in determining whether the good ends of police work justify immoral means in a given scenario?
A. Are there other, non-dirty, means that may be effective but that we may be overlooking?
B. How certain are we that the dirty means will, in fact, bring about the good outcome?
C. In addition to the good consequences that the dirty method will produce, are there likely to be unintended consequences that might cause undesirable harms?
D. How high a score will the dirty means reach on the felicity calculus?
is it D
2. Which of the following refers to the idea that human beings are naturally motivated to maximize pleasure and minimize pain?
A. The principle of utility
B. Psychological hedonism
C. The categorical imperative
D. The greatest happiness principle
is it B
Both answers are correct.
To determine the correct answer for each question, let's break down the options provided and review the relevant information.
1. In order to identify which of the options is NOT an important consideration in determining whether the good ends of police work justify immoral means, we need to refer to Carl Klockars' perspective.
The options are:
A. Are there other, non-dirty, means that may be effective but that we may be overlooking?
B. How certain are we that the dirty means will, in fact, bring about the good outcome?
C. In addition to the good consequences that the dirty method will produce, are there likely to be unintended consequences that might cause undesirable harms?
D. How high a score will the dirty means reach on the felicity calculus?
To find the answer, we examine Carl Klockars' argument. If we refer to his reasoning, he examines the idea of dirty means (immoral means) and their justification based on the ends (good outcomes). He emphasizes considerations like unintended consequences and other overlooked yet effective non-dirty means.
Therefore, the correct answer is D. How high a score will the dirty means reach on the felicity calculus? It is not discussed by Klockars as a crucial consideration in determining whether immoral means are justified by the good ends.
2. To identify the idea that suggests human beings are naturally motivated to maximize pleasure and minimize pain, we evaluate the provided options.
The options are:
A. The principle of utility
B. Psychological hedonism
C. The categorical imperative
D. The greatest happiness principle
To find the answer, we analyze the options. The principle of utility (also known as the greatest happiness principle) primarily focuses on maximizing overall happiness, while the categorical imperative concentrates on acting out of duty and obligation rather than seeking pleasure or pain avoidance.
The correct answer is B. Psychological hedonism, which asserts that humans are intrinsically driven by the pursuit of pleasure and avoidance of pain.