If you transfer 5 J of energy to 1 g water and to 1 g ethanol, each starting at the same temperature which would have a higher temperature at the end? Water or ethanol? or will they have the same temperature at the end?

OK. Without the math or chemical calc's the answer should show that it takes more energy to change the alcohol to change phases. I would 'assume' that it would therefore have a lower temperature than the water in the end also. (Double check the answer.)

Doesn't that answer depend upon where you started; i.e., solid ice and solid ethanol or liquid water and liquid ethanol?

Yes, DrBob222 I believe you may be correct

To determine which substance, water or ethanol, will have a higher temperature at the end when 5 J of energy is transferred to each, we need to consider their specific heat capacities.

Specific heat capacity (C) is the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by a certain amount. The formula to calculate heat energy (Q) is Q = mcΔT, where Q is the heat energy, m is the mass of the substance, c is the specific heat capacity, and ΔT is the change in temperature.

Assuming the initial temperatures of both water and ethanol are the same, and given the same amount of energy is transferred (5 J), we can compare their temperature changes using the formula above.

The specific heat capacity of water is approximately 4.18 J/g°C, while the specific heat capacity of ethanol is around 2.44 J/g°C.

Let's calculate the temperature change for water first:
Q_water = m_water * c_water * ΔT_water
5 J = 1 g * 4.18 J/g°C * ΔT_water
ΔT_water = 5 J / (1 g * 4.18 J/g°C)

ΔT_water ≈ 1.20°C

Now, let's calculate the temperature change for ethanol:
Q_ethanol = m_ethanol * c_ethanol * ΔT_ethanol
5 J = 1 g * 2.44 J/g°C * ΔT_ethanol
ΔT_ethanol = 5 J / (1 g * 2.44 J/g°C)

ΔT_ethanol ≈ 2.05°C

Comparing the temperature changes, we can conclude that ethanol will have a higher temperature (∆T_ethanol ≈ 2.05°C) at the end compared to water (∆T_water ≈ 1.20°C) when the same amount of energy (5 J) is transferred to each substance.

Therefore, ethanol will have a higher temperature at the end than water.