what increasing order of dipole moment among nitrobenzene methylbenzene phenol and toluene
To determine the increasing order of dipole moment among nitrobenzene, methylbenzene (toluene), phenol, and toluene, we need to consider the polarity of the molecules.
The dipole moment is a measure of the separation of positive and negative charges within a molecule. It depends on the electronegativity difference between the atoms involved and the molecular structure.
Here's how we can determine the increasing order of dipole moment:
1. Nitrobenzene (C6H5NO2): Nitrobenzene has a nitro group (-NO2) attached to the benzene ring. The nitro group is highly electronegative, while the benzene ring is relatively electron-rich due to its delocalized pi electrons. This creates a dipole moment, with the partial negative charge on the oxygen atom and the partial positive charge on the carbon atoms. Therefore, nitrobenzene has a relatively high dipole moment.
2. Phenol (C6H5OH): Phenol has a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to the benzene ring. The oxygen atom in the hydroxyl group is electronegative, creating a dipole moment with the partial negative charge on the oxygen atom and the partial positive charge on the carbon atoms. However, the dipole moment of phenol is lower than that of nitrobenzene because the hydroxyl group is not as strongly electronegative as the nitro group.
3. Toluene (C6H5CH3): Toluene, also known as methylbenzene, has a methyl group (-CH3) attached to the benzene ring. The methyl group is relatively non-polar, as the carbon and hydrogen atoms have similar electronegativity. Therefore, toluene has a lower dipole moment compared to nitrobenzene and phenol.
Based on this analysis, the increasing order of dipole moment is:
Toluene < Phenol < Nitrobenzene
To determine the increasing order of dipole moment among nitrobenzene, methylbenzene (toluene), phenol, and toluene, we need to analyze the polarity of each compound.
1. Nitrobenzene:
Nitrobenzene contains a nitro group (-NO2), which is a highly electronegative group. The oxygen atom in the nitro group pulls the electron density towards itself, creating a significant dipole moment. Thus, nitrobenzene is highly polar.
2. Methylbenzene (Toluene):
Methylbenzene, commonly known as toluene, does not have any highly electronegative groups. Although it has a methyl group (-CH3), the effect of this group on the polarity of toluene is minimal. Hence, toluene has a relatively lower dipole moment compared to nitrobenzene.
3. Phenol:
Phenol contains a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to a benzene ring. The oxygen atom in the hydroxyl group is electronegative and creates a dipole moment. However, the dipole moment of phenol is lower than that of nitrobenzene because the oxygen atom in the hydroxyl group is not as electronegative as the oxygen in the nitro group.
Therefore, the increasing order of dipole moment among the given compounds is:
Toluene < Phenol < Nitrobenzene