Why do some types of institutional arrangements favor political stability while others increase the propensity of conflict?

Understanding why certain types of institutional arrangements favor political stability while others increase the propensity for conflict requires examining the key factors that influence political dynamics. Institutions refer to the rules, norms, and structures that govern social, political, and economic interactions within a society. These institutional arrangements can have a profound impact on the stability or instability of a political system. Here are some key factors to consider:

1. Inclusiveness: Inclusive institutions that guarantee political rights, offer opportunities for participation and representation, and ensure equal access to resources and power tend to foster stability. When institutions are inclusive, citizens feel a sense of ownership and have a stake in the system. On the other hand, exclusive institutions that concentrate power in the hands of a few or favor a particular group or elite often lead to conflict.

2. Rule of Law: Institutions that uphold the rule of law, enforce contracts, and protect property rights create an environment conducive to stability. When individuals have confidence that their rights will be protected and disputes will be resolved fairly, they are more likely to engage in peaceful political activities. In contrast, weak institutions that fail to enforce the rule of law can lead to grievances, corruption, and conflict.

3. Accountability and Governance: Institutional arrangements that promote transparency, accountability, and effective governance mechanisms tend to increase stability. When there are checks and balances in place, and mechanisms for holding leaders accountable, it reduces the risk of abuse of power and corruption. Unaccountable institutions, such as authoritarian regimes or deeply entrenched patronage systems, are more prone to conflicts driven by grievances and power struggles.

4. Economic Development: Institutions that promote economic growth and development can contribute to stability. When institutions support inclusive economic policies, create employment opportunities, and reduce economic inequality, it reduces the likelihood of conflict rooted in economic grievances. However, institutions that foster unequal distribution of resources, hinder economic opportunities, or perpetuate poverty and inequality can fuel social unrest and conflict.

5. Social Cohesion: Institutional arrangements that effectively manage and accommodate diverse interests, identities, and social cleavages tend to promote stability. Inclusive political systems that respect and protect minority rights and promote intergroup dialogue and cooperation create opportunities to manage tensions peacefully. However, institutions that suppress or marginalize certain groups, fail to address grievances, or exploit existing divisions can intensify conflicts.

It is essential to recognize that the impact of institutional arrangements on political stability is not deterministic, as context, historical factors, and individual agency also play significant roles. Analyzing specific cases and considering these factors can provide a deeper understanding of why some institutional arrangements lead to stability, while others increase the propensity for conflict.