A person suffering from Cushing’s syndrome will have symptoms that include rapid weight gain, particularly of the trunk and face (moon face) with sparing of the limbs. Why & how does the syndrome affect the body in this way?
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Cushing's syndrome is a disorder caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol, a hormone that is normally produced by the adrenal glands. This hormone is responsible for a wide range of functions in the body, including regulating metabolism, immune system response, and maintaining blood pressure.
In Cushing's syndrome, the body produces excessive cortisol or receives high doses of corticosteroid medications (such as prednisone) over a long period of time. This leads to several physiological changes in the body, resulting in the symptoms observed, including rapid weight gain and redistribution of fat.
Firstly, cortisol plays a role in regulating the metabolism of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins. In Cushing's syndrome, the excessive cortisol causes an increase in blood sugar levels and insulin resistance, leading to the storage of fat. This preferential fat accumulation occurs primarily in the trunk and face, resulting in a characteristic round or "moon" face, while the limbs may appear relatively unaffected.
Secondly, cortisol also affects the distribution of fat by promoting the breakdown of certain fat cells, particularly those in the peripheral regions (arms and legs). However, it simultaneously encourages the accumulation of fat in other areas, such as the abdomen and face. Therefore, Cushing's syndrome leads to a disproportionate weight gain, sparing the limbs while affecting the trunk and face.
Additionally, cortisol has potent anti-inflammatory effects, and its excess in Cushing's syndrome can suppress the immune system's response. This can contribute to the development of other symptoms, such as easy bruising, thinning of the skin, and poor wound healing.
It's important to note that Cushing's syndrome can have various underlying causes, such as an overactive adrenal gland, a tumor in the pituitary gland, or long-term use of corticosteroid medications. It is a complex disorder that requires medical evaluation and treatment by a healthcare professional.