Describe genetic engineering on a cellular level. In other words, what exactly takes place during genetic engineering that inserts a trait into an organism that did not have that trait before? Give an example.

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Genetic engineering is the process of manipulating an organism's genetic material (DNA) to introduce new traits or modify existing ones. At a cellular level, there are various techniques used to achieve this.

One common method is the use of recombinant DNA technology. This involves the identification and isolation of a specific gene or DNA segment that codes for the desired trait. Once the target gene is identified, it is inserted into the DNA of the organism that will receive the new trait.

To insert the target gene, scientists often use vectors, which are vehicles that can carry the genetic material into the host organism's cells. One such vector commonly used is a plasmid, a small, circular DNA molecule that can replicate independently within cells.

The target gene is inserted into the plasmid, resulting in a recombinant plasmid. This plasmid is then introduced into host cells, such as bacteria or plant cells, through a process called transformation. The host cells uptake the recombinant plasmid and incorporate the target gene into their own DNA.

Once the target gene is successfully integrated, it can be expressed by the host organism, leading to the production of the desired protein or trait. This expression may involve the activation of specific cellular mechanisms that translate the genetic information into a functional protein.

An example of genetic engineering on a cellular level is the production of insulin using recombinant DNA technology. In the past, insulin was harvested from the pancreas of animals, such as pigs or cows. However, through genetic engineering, the human insulin gene can be inserted into bacteria or yeast cells. These modified cells then produce human insulin, allowing for safer and more abundant insulin production for people with diabetes.