What were the major changes in sciences view of the nature of the universe and humanity's place in it between 1850 and 1914? How did these developments contribute to the age of anxiety? How are these changes reflected in philosophy, psychoanalysis, and artistic style called modernism? What were the major artistic trends?
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Was the only change in science in quantum physics and relativity? I know it changed the way people thought about the predictability of human nature during the enlightenment and the 1st scientific revolution, but how did this contribute to the age of anxiety? I don't exactly know how the change was reflected in philosophy, but for psychoanalysis, Freud developed the theory that there were other greater forces at work in the mind that consisted of id, ego, and super-ego. For artistic style, artists strayed away from the norm of duplicating the natural world and began impressionism, post-impressionism, cubism, and abstract paintings.
The period between 1850 and 1914 witnessed significant changes in science's view of the nature of the universe and humanity's place in it. These developments contributed to the emergence of an "age of anxiety" by challenging long-held beliefs and presenting new perspectives.
One major change was the rise of evolutionary theory, notably Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection. Darwin's ideas on evolution and the descent of man challenged the traditional religious and philosophical view of human beings as unique and divinely created, instead proposing that humans were part of a continuous natural process. This caused a sense of uncertainty and questioned humanity's place in the natural world.
Another significant development was the field of physics. Concepts such as the theory of electromagnetism and the discovery of the nature of light as waves challenged the Newtonian worldview. These scientific advancements revealed that reality was more complex and mysterious than previously understood, leading to a sense of instability.
These changes in scientific thought were reflected in philosophy, psychoanalysis, and artistic style known as modernism. In philosophy, thinkers like Friedrich Nietzsche criticized traditional values, emphasizing the need to create meaning in a world without inherent purpose. Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis delved into the unconscious mind and challenged concepts of human rationality and control.
In art, modernism emerged as a response to these developments. Artists began to question traditional artistic techniques and representation. The objective reality depicted in classical art was replaced by subjective interpretations and a focus on individual perception. Modernist art aimed to capture the fragmented, uncertain, and ever-changing nature of the modern world.
Major artistic trends during this period included Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, Cubism, Fauvism, and Expressionism. Impressionist artists such as Claude Monet and Pierre-Auguste Renoir depicted fleeting moments of light and atmosphere. Post-Impressionists like Paul Cézanne and Vincent van Gogh explored subjective interpretations of reality through bold colors and distorted forms. Cubists like Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque deconstructed objects and spatial relationships, portraying multiple perspectives simultaneously. Fauvists, led by Henri Matisse, used vivid colors to express emotion and create a sense of freedom. Expressionist artists conveyed intense emotions and internal turmoil through distorted and exaggerated forms, as seen in the works of Edvard Munch and Egon Schiele.
Overall, the major changes in science's view of the universe during this period contributed to an age of anxiety by challenging established beliefs, introducing uncertainty, and highlighting the limitations of human knowledge. These changes prompted a shift in philosophy, psychoanalysis, and artistic styles, all of which sought to reflect and make sense of the new realities and anxieties of the modern world.