1. what type of covalent bonded liquid will a polar covalent solid dissolve in? (hint like dissolves like)
2. what type of covalent bonded liquid will a non polar covalent solid dissolve in? (hint like dissolves like)
3. In what type of solvent will a polar solute dissolve? In what type of solvent will a non-polar solute dissolve?
4. A Crayon is a (polar / non-polar) substance because…
5. Washable marker “ink” is a (polar / non-polar) substance because…
6. Permanent marker “ink” is…because…
7. Suggest 2 other common substances to test with water and paint thinner to determine their polarity. Based on your knowledge of these substances, predict their polarity.
8. Explain, in terms of the properties of water:
a. Why water moved up the filter paper,
b. Why washable marker “ink” moved up the filter paper with the water, and
c. Why some ink colors moved different distances than others.
9. Based on your results from Part I, how could the chromatography experiment be adapted for use with a permanent marker?
4. whatis wax?
5. does the ink spread quickly in water?
6. does the ink spread quickly in water?
7. Rubbing alcohol, soap
9. What about using a ketone as a solven? or dry cleaning solvent?
Polar
1. In order for a polar covalent solid to dissolve, it needs to be surrounded by a polar covalent liquid. The principle of "like dissolves like" applies here, meaning that substances with similar types of bonding tend to dissolve in each other. Therefore, a polar covalent solid will dissolve in a polar covalent liquid, where the liquid molecules have a similar polarity to the solid.
To determine the type of covalent bonding in a liquid, you can look up the chemical formula of the liquid and determine its electronegativity difference. If the electronegativity difference is small, it indicates polar covalent bonding. If the electronegativity difference is large, it indicates nonpolar covalent bonding.
2. On the other hand, a nonpolar covalent solid will dissolve in a nonpolar covalent liquid. Nonpolar covalent substances have similar electronegativity values, resulting in balanced sharing of electrons and no significant charge separation. Therefore, nonpolar covalent solids will dissolve in nonpolar covalent liquids.
To determine the type of covalent bonding in a solid, you can look up the chemical formula of the solid and determine its electronegativity difference, just like in the previous question.
3. A polar solute will dissolve in a polar solvent. The polarity of the solvent allows it to interact with the polar solute's charges, facilitating the dissolution process. Examples of polar solvents include water and ethanol.
On the other hand, a nonpolar solute will dissolve in a nonpolar solvent. Nonpolar solvents lack significant charge separation, which allows them to interact with nonpolar solutes. Examples of nonpolar solvents include hexane and toluene.
4. A Crayon is a nonpolar substance because it consists mainly of hydrocarbons, which have relatively equal electronegativity values. This balanced sharing of electrons results in nonpolar covalent bonding throughout the Crayon.
5. Washable marker "ink" is a polar substance because it typically contains water-soluble dyes or pigments. These dyes have polar functional groups that allow them to dissolve in water, making the ink polar.
6. Permanent marker "ink" is nonpolar because it primarily consists of nonpolar solvents, such as xylene or toluene, along with nonpolar resins and pigments. These components have minimal charge separation, resulting in a nonpolar overall substance.
7. Two common substances to test for polarity could be rubbing alcohol (isopropyl alcohol) and vegetable oil.
Rubbing alcohol (isopropyl alcohol) is a polar substance due to the presence of the hydroxyl group (-OH), which imparts polarity to the molecule.
Vegetable oil, on the other hand, is a nonpolar substance as it mainly consists of nonpolar triglycerides, which do not possess significant charge separation.
8. a. Water moved up the filter paper because it is a polar molecule. The water molecules are attracted to the polar components in the filter paper, such as cellulose, through hydrogen bonding, capillary action, and adhesion. This attraction allows the water to be pulled up through the paper.
b. Washable marker "ink" moved up the filter paper with water because it contains polar components, such as water-soluble dyes or pigments. These polar components dissolve in water and are carried along as the water moves up the filter paper.
c. Different ink colors moved different distances because each color contains a unique combination and concentration of dyes or pigments. These components have different affinities for the filter paper and different solubilities in water, resulting in variations in their migration distances.
9. To adapt the chromatography experiment for use with a permanent marker, you would need to choose a suitable nonpolar solvent. Permanent marker "ink" is nonpolar, so a nonpolar solvent like acetone or ethanol can be used to dissolve the ink and carry it up the chromatography paper. The procedure would be similar to the original experiment, with the substitution of the nonpolar solvent and the permanent marker as the analyte.