Why is it not ethical if a researcher researches on some people and the people get affected with for example, trouble in speech. What are the two reasons as to why this is not ethical?

When it comes to conducting research involving people, there are ethical considerations that must be prioritized to ensure the well-being and protection of the participants. In the scenario you mentioned, where a researcher's study causes negative consequences like trouble in speech for the individuals involved, there are two primary reasons why it is considered unethical:

1. Informed Consent: One of the fundamental principles in research ethics is obtaining informed consent from participants. This means that individuals should have a clear understanding of what the study entails, including any potential risks or negative impacts. If participants are not adequately informed about the possibility of experiencing trouble in speech, their consent may not be truly informed, jeopardizing their autonomy and right to make decisions about their own well-being.

To ensure ethical research, researchers should fully disclose the nature of the study, its purpose, potential risks, and any measures put in place to minimize harm. Participants should have the freedom to opt-in or opt-out without facing any negative consequences.

2. Minimizing Harm: Another key ethical principle is minimizing harm to participants. Researchers have a responsibility to carefully assess and mitigate any potential risks associated with their studies. If a research investigation causes adverse effects like trouble in speech, it can be seen as a breach of this ethical responsibility.

To maintain ethical standards, before conducting research, researchers need to weigh the potential benefits against the potential harms, and choose methods that minimize any adverse effects on participants. Additionally, they should have protocols in place to monitor participants throughout the study and promptly address any unexpected negative consequences that arise.

In summary, it is unethical for a researcher to conduct a study that causes negative impacts, such as trouble in speech, on participants because they violated the principles of informed consent and minimizing harm. Respecting the rights and welfare of individuals involved in research is of utmost importance to ensure ethical practices are upheld.