Create a null hypothesis for the following research questions:
a. What are the differences between emergency room shifts on medication errors?
b. On a clinical trial of a new drug, what will be the effects over a currently used drug?
a. The null hypothesis for the research question "What are the differences between emergency room shifts on medication errors?" could be stated as: "There are no differences between emergency room shifts in terms of medication errors."
To arrive at this null hypothesis, you would need to conduct a study comparing medication errors across different emergency room shifts. You would first collect data on medication errors during various shifts and then analyze the data to determine if there are any statistically significant differences between the shifts. If no significant differences are found, you would conclude that there are no differences between the shifts in terms of medication errors, thus leading to the formulation of the null hypothesis.
b. The null hypothesis for the research question "On a clinical trial of a new drug, what will be the effects over a currently used drug?" could be stated as: "There will be no significant difference in the effects between the new drug and the currently used drug."
To arrive at this null hypothesis, you would typically design a clinical trial comparing the effects of the new drug to those of the currently used drug. You would divide participants into two groups, with one group receiving the new drug and the other group receiving the currently used drug. Then, you would measure and compare the effects of the drugs on the participants. If there is no significant difference in the effects between the two drugs, you would conclude that the null hypothesis is supported.