How could you reword these research hypotheses to null hypotheses?
a. Smoking during pregnancy increase the risk of a child being born prematurely.
b. Regular exercises in older adults decreases blood pressure levels.
a. Ho: Smoking during pregnancy is not related to premature birth.
b. Ho: Exercise in older adults is not related to blood pressure levels.
To reword the research hypotheses to null hypotheses, you would need to state them as a statement of no effect or no relationship. Here are the reworded null hypotheses for the given research hypotheses:
a. There is no relationship between smoking during pregnancy and the risk of a child being born prematurely.
b. There is no effect of regular exercises in older adults on blood pressure levels.