Which of the following involve electronic charges?
A.
hydrogen bonds
B.
ionic bonds
C.
polar molecules
D.
all of the above
To determine which of the options involve electronic charges, let's go through each of them:
A. Hydrogen bonds: Hydrogen bonds are not directly involved with electronic charges. They are a type of attractive force between a hydrogen atom bonded to an electronegative atom (such as oxygen or nitrogen) and another electronegative atom. These bonds involve the partial positive charge on the hydrogen atom and the partial negative charge on the electronegative atom.
B. Ionic bonds: Ionic bonds do involve electronic charges. These bonds are formed between ions, which are atoms or molecules that have gained or lost electrons. Oppositely charged ions attract each other, forming a bond. One ion has a positive charge (due to losing electrons), and the other ion has a negative charge (due to gaining electrons).
C. Polar molecules: Polar molecules involve electronic charges to some extent. Polar molecules have a partial positive charge on one end and a partial negative charge on the other end due to the difference in electronegativity between the atoms. This unequal distribution of electrons leads to a polarity in the molecule.
Based on this analysis, the correct answer is:
D. All of the above. Ionic bonds involve electronic charges directly, while both hydrogen bonds and polar molecules involve charges to some degree.