For lunch, Jane Doe consumed the following: a turkey sandwich on whole wheat bread with mayonnaise, lettuce, and tomato; potato chips; and apple juice.
1.Trace the path of digestion through Jane from beginning to end. Include the nutrients the food contained and are broken down into, where digestion begins, what nutrients are broken into their components at each stage of digestion, and where these are absorbed. Also include where each nutrient is transported and used once it is absorbed. Students should include at least all of the macronutrients and three vitamins and minerals in the process.
Since this is not my area of expertise, I searched Google under the key words "path of digestion in humans" to get these possible sources:
https://www.google.com/search?client=safari&rls=en&q=path+of+digestion+in+humans&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8
In the future, you can find the information you desire more quickly, if you use appropriate key words to do your own search. Also see http://hanlib.sou.edu/searchtools/.
To trace the path of digestion through Jane Doe from beginning to end, we will go step by step through each stage of digestion and absorption. Here is an overview:
1. Digestion begins in the mouth: Jane consumed a turkey sandwich on whole wheat bread with mayonnaise, lettuce, and tomato. In the mouth, the food is mechanically broken down by chewing, mixing with saliva, and is turned into a bolus.
- The whole wheat bread provides carbohydrates (like starches), which are broken down into simple sugars during digestion.
- The turkey provides protein, which is broken down into amino acids during digestion.
- The mayonnaise provides fats, which are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol during digestion.
2. The bolus then passes through the esophagus: The bolus travels down the esophagus to the stomach through peristalsis, a series of muscle contractions.
3. Stomach digestion: In the stomach, the bolus is further mechanically and chemically broken down. Here, the sandwich ingredients mix with gastric juices, including hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes.
- Protein digestion starts in the stomach, where pepsin, an enzyme, breaks down the protein from the turkey into smaller peptides.
4. Small intestine digestion and absorption: The partially digested food then enters the small intestine, where the majority of digestion and absorption occur.
- Carbohydrates: The remaining carbohydrates from the bread are broken down into simple sugars (glucose) by enzymes from the pancreas and small intestinal lining. Glucose is then absorbed into the bloodstream.
- Proteins: The smaller peptides from the stomach are broken down into individual amino acids by enzymes from the pancreas and the small intestine lining. Amino acids are then absorbed into the bloodstream.
- Fats: The fats from the mayonnaise are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol by bile from the liver and enzymes from the pancreas. These break down the fats into smaller molecules for absorption. Fatty acids are absorbed into the lymphatic system and transported to various tissues for energy or storage.
5. Nutrient absorption and transport: Once the nutrients are broken down and absorbed into the bloodstream or lymphatic system, they are transported to various tissues in the body to be utilized.
- Glucose from carbohydrates is transported in the blood to provide energy for cells.
- Amino acids from proteins are used to build and repair body tissues, as well as for various functions in the body.
- Fatty acids from fats can be stored as energy reserves, used for cellular processes, or incorporated into cell membranes.
It's important to note that vitamins and minerals play crucial roles in various bodily processes, but they do not undergo significant digestion like macronutrients. Instead, they are mostly absorbed directly in the small intestine and transported to the liver or other target tissues where they are used for specific functions.
In summary, digestion begins in the mouth with mechanical and chemical breakdown of food, followed by further breakdown in the stomach and small intestine. Nutrients are broken down into their components, absorbed into the bloodstream or lymphatic system, and transported to various tissues where they are used for energy, growth, and repair.