Dopamine is a neurotransmitter—a chemical released by nerve cells to send signals to other nerve cells. Activities like sex and gambling increase the levels of dopamine released within the brain. The highly addictive drugs cocaine and methamphetamine mimic the effects of dopamine. Loss of dopamine releasing cells in parts of the brain can lead to Parkinson’s disease, a condition characterized by tremors and motor impairment.
(A) The Dopamine molecule is capable of making strong hydrogen bonds. Edit the dopamine molecule so it can no longer make strong hydrogen bonds.
(B) The Dopamine molecule cannot make ionic bonds. Edit the dopamine molecule so it now can make ionic bonds.
(C) The dopamine molecule has an intermediate hydrophobicity. Edit the dopamine molecule so that it is more hydrophobic.
(A) Delete the two OH and NH2
(B) Make NH2 N+
(C) Delete the polar groups.
I hope this will be help :)
(A) To modify the dopamine molecule so that it can no longer make strong hydrogen bonds, we need to alter its structure to remove or modify the functional groups that participate in hydrogen bonding.
One possible modification would be to replace the hydroxyl (-OH) group of dopamine with a methyl (-CH3) group. The hydroxyl group is capable of forming hydrogen bonds, but the methyl group does not have the necessary hydrogen bond donor or acceptor groups to participate in strong hydrogen bonding.
The modified structure of dopamine would then be:
C(Cc1ccc(O)c(O)c1)N
(B) To enable the dopamine molecule to make ionic bonds, we need to introduce a functional group that can donate or accept charged species, such as an amino group.
One possible modification would be to replace one of the hydrogen atoms on the amine group (-NH2) of dopamine with a positively charged substituent, such as a proton (H+). This would make the amine group capable of donating a positive charge and forming ionic bonds.
The modified structure of dopamine would then be:
C(Cc1ccc(C[NH3+])c(O)c1)N
(C) To increase the hydrophobicity of dopamine, we need to introduce hydrophobic groups to the molecule.
One possible modification would be to replace the hydroxyl (-OH) group of dopamine with a hydrophobic alkyl chain, such as a butyl (-C4H9) group. Hydrophobic groups are nonpolar and repel water, hence increasing the overall hydrophobicity of the molecule.
The modified structure of dopamine would then be:
C(Cc1ccc(CCCC)c(O)c1)N
To answer these questions, we need to take a closer look at the structure of dopamine and understand its functional groups.
Dopamine, with the molecular formula C8H11NO2, contains several functional groups, including an amino group (-NH2), an aromatic ring, and a hydroxyl group (-OH). These functional groups play a crucial role in the chemical properties of dopamine.
(A) To make dopamine incapable of forming strong hydrogen bonds, we could modify the hydroxyl group (-OH). Hydrogen bonding occurs when a hydrogen atom interacts with an electronegative atom (usually oxygen or nitrogen). By replacing the hydroxyl group with a group that is less capable of forming hydrogen bonds, we can achieve this objective. For example, we can replace the -OH group with a methyl group (-CH3), which lacks the electronegative oxygen required for strong hydrogen bonding.
(B) The statement that dopamine cannot make ionic bonds is already accurate. Ionic bonds occur between atoms with significantly different electronegativities, resulting in the transfer of electrons from one atom to another. Since dopamine does not contain any highly electronegative elements, it does not possess the necessary properties for forming ionic bonds. Therefore, no further edits are required for this statement.
(C) Hydrophobicity refers to how well a molecule interacts with water or hydrophilic substances. To increase the hydrophobicity of dopamine, we can introduce nonpolar groups or modify existing functional groups. One way to achieve this is by replacing the hydroxyl group (-OH) with an alkyl group (-R), such as a methyl group (-CH3) or an ethyl group (-C2H5). These nonpolar groups do not readily interact with water, making the molecule more hydrophobic.
Note: These modifications to the dopamine molecule are purely hypothetical and for illustrative purposes. In practice, making such modifications to a molecule may involve multiple considerations, such as the molecule's biological activity, stability, and potential side effects.