nerve fiber control over muscle or gland effector activity
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I am doing the crossword puzzle and I need name nerve fiber control over muscle or gland effector activity
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/effector
Nerve fibers play a crucial role in controlling the activity of muscles or glands. This control is accomplished through the coordination of the nervous system, specifically the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and the somatic nervous system (SNS).
1. Autonomic Nervous System (ANS):
The ANS is responsible for the involuntary control of muscles and glands. It is further divided into two divisions: the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
- Sympathetic Division: This division is responsible for the "fight or flight" response. When activated, it prepares the body for action by increasing heart rate, dilating blood vessels, and mobilizing energy reserves. Nerve fibers from the sympathetic division release a neurotransmitter called norepinephrine to stimulate muscle or gland activity.
- Parasympathetic Division: This division promotes the "rest and digest" response, allowing the body to relax and conserve energy. It regulates functions such as digestion, heart rate, and respiratory rate. Nerve fibers from the parasympathetic division release a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine to stimulate muscle or gland activity.
2. Somatic Nervous System (SNS):
The SNS controls voluntary movements and intentional actions. It is responsible for the conscious control of skeletal muscles. The nerve fibers from the SNS directly innervate skeletal muscles and release acetylcholine to stimulate muscle activity.
Overall, both the ANS and SNS utilize nerve fibers to communicate with muscle or gland effectors. The ANS controls involuntary functions through the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, while the SNS controls voluntary movements through direct innervation of skeletal muscles. The release of specific neurotransmitters like norepinephrine and acetylcholine by these nerve fibers determines the type and intensity of muscle or gland activity.