Write the chemical formula for the simplest heptane isomer and give its name, b) give the names of two heptane isomers with hexane as the base chain, c) give the names of names of the five heptane isomers with pentane as the base chain, d) give the name of the isomer with butane as the base chain. (There are nine isomers), (e) Are these substances saturated or unsaturated?

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a) To find the chemical formula for the simplest heptane isomer, we need to know its structural formula. Heptane is an alkane with seven carbon atoms in its chain. The structural formula of heptane can be represented as follows:

CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

The formula indicates that there are seven carbon atoms connected to each other in a straight chain.

b) To find the names of two heptane isomers with hexane as the base chain, we need to substitute one of the carbon atoms in the hexane chain with a methyl group (CH3). By doing so, we create two isomers:

1. 2-Methylhexane: This isomer has a methyl group attached to the second carbon atom of the hexane chain.

CH3-CH(CH3)-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

2. 3-Methylhexane: This isomer has a methyl group attached to the third carbon atom of the hexane chain.

CH3-CH2-CH(CH3)-CH2-CH2-CH3

c) To find the names of the five heptane isomers with pentane as the base chain, we need to substitute two of the carbon atoms in the pentane chain with methyl groups. By doing so, we create five isomers:

1. 2,2-Dimethylpentane: This isomer has two methyl groups attached to the second carbon atom of the pentane chain.

CH3-CH(CH3)-CH2-CH(CH3)-CH3

2. 2,3-Dimethylpentane: This isomer has a methyl group attached to the second carbon atom and another methyl group attached to the third carbon atom of the pentane chain.

CH3-CH(CH3)-CH(CH3)-CH2-CH3

3. 2,4-Dimethylpentane: This isomer has a methyl group attached to the second carbon atom and another methyl group attached to the fourth carbon atom of the pentane chain.

CH3-CH(CH3)-CH2-CH(CH3)-CH3

4. 2,2,3-Trimethylpentane: This isomer has three methyl groups attached to the second and third carbon atoms of the pentane chain.

CH3-CH(CH3)-C(CH3)2-CH2-CH3

5. 2,3,3-Trimethylpentane: This isomer has three methyl groups attached to the second and third carbon atoms of the pentane chain.

CH3-CH(CH3)-C(CH3)2-CH2-CH3

d) The base chain of butane consists of four carbon atoms. To find the name of the isomer with butane as the base chain and create isomers, we need to substitute three carbon atoms in the butane chain with methyl groups. By doing so, we have only one isomer:

1. 2,2,3-Trimethylbutane: This isomer has three methyl groups attached to the second and third carbon atoms of the butane chain.

CH3-C(CH3)2-CH2-CH3

e) All the mentioned substances (heptane isomers) are saturated hydrocarbons. This means that they contain only single bonds between carbon atoms. Saturated hydrocarbons have the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms bonded to every carbon atom.