Explain how the role of government changed during the Progressive Era, using specific historical examples;
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During the Progressive Era, which occurred in the United States from the late 19th century to the early 20th century, the role of government went through significant changes. The Progressive Era was marked by a desire for reform and addressing social, economic, and political issues that emerged during the rapid industrialization and urbanization of the time. Here are some specific historical examples that illustrate these changes:
1. Regulation of Big Business: One major change during the Progressive Era was the increased regulation of big businesses. Powerful corporations like the Standard Oil Company and the American Tobacco Company had amassed significant wealth and influence, often resulting in monopolies and unfair business practices. To counter this, the government introduced antitrust legislation to break up monopolies and promote fair competition. The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 and the Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 were key laws enacted during this period.
2. Consumer Protection: The Progressive Era also saw the government take steps to protect consumers from unsafe products and deceptive practices. Upton Sinclair's novel "The Jungle" exposed the unsanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry, leading to the passing of the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act in 1906. These laws aimed to ensure the safety and quality of food and drugs, marking an increased role of government in safeguarding public health.
3. Labor Reform: As industrialization grew, so did concerns about the working conditions and rights of laborers. Labor unions fought for better wages, hours, and working conditions, while reformers called for government intervention to protect workers. The establishment of the Department of Labor in 1913, along with legislation such as the Keating-Owen Act of 1916 (setting standards for child labor) and the Adamson Act of 1916 (setting the eight-hour workday for railroad workers), reflected the increasing role of government in supporting labor rights.
4. Women's Suffrage: The Progressive Era witnessed a significant push for women's suffrage, or the right to vote. Suffragettes, such as Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, campaigned tirelessly for political equality. The government responded to these demands, culminating in the ratification of the 19th Amendment in 1920, which granted women the right to vote and marked a transformational change in the role of government in ensuring equal political participation.
In summary, during the Progressive Era, the role of government expanded as it sought to regulate big business, protect consumers, support labor rights, and promote equality and social reforms. These changes were driven by the desire to address the social and economic challenges posed by industrialization and create a fairer society.