Here is the second part on history. Thank you very much!
1) During his reign, a series of laws were introduced which were to fix the course of modern Parliamentary England. In 1689, the Bill of Rights established that the Crown would not be able to rule the country without Parliament.
2) The Toleration Act, which was passed in the same year, granted dissenters reasonable freedom of religion. Finally, the Act of Settlement of 1701 ensured that, within the royal family, only Protestants could be heirs to the throne.
3)In 1714 Queen Anne died and she was succeeded by her nearest protestant relative, George of Hanover, who became King under the name of George I. He was very unpopular because he could speak no English and preferred Germany to England.
4) The new situation caused the ministers to meet without the king and to choose a Prime Minister, responsible to the king for the government’s policy.
5) This had important consequences: it laid the foundations of the Parliamentary monarchy. George I was succeeded by his brother George II, during whose reign the old Anglo-French hostilities were renewed.
6) The 18th century England was called Augustan after the period of Roman history which had achieved political stability and power as well as a flourishing of the arts.
7) It was a materialistic society, pragmatic and responsive to economic pressure. Its political institutions were hierarchical, hereditary and privileged.
8) Elections were controlled by the local landowners, since voting was not secret. Politicians were concerned with bribing the electorate either with money or with the promise of jobs. The state was to protect legal rights but was not to interfere in private property.
9) It fostered individualism, and wasn’t concerned with abstractions such as social justice, equality or fraternity.
10) Liberal thought influenced the new view of the world and affirmed free-will, salvation for all, the goodness of mankind, and its capacity for progress. Optimism encouraged faith in progress. The Augustan were interested in real life. Virtue came to have two meanings.
11) Firstly, a disposition of benevolence towards oneself and the others. Secondly, a new interest in the culture of the heart, in man’s inner and emotional side.
3)In 1714, Queen Anne died, and she was succeeded by her nearest protestant relative, George of Hanover, who became King under the name of George I.
5) This had important consequences: It laid the foundations of the Parliamentary monarchy. George I was succeeded by his brother George II, during whose reign the old Anglo-French hostilities were renewed.
6) Eighteenth century England was called Augustan after the period of Roman history which had achieved political stability and power as well as a flourishing of the arts.
8) ... The state was to protect legal rights, but was not to interfere in private property.
9) It fostered individualism, but wasn’t concerned with abstractions such as social justice, equality or fraternity.
10) ... The Augustans were interested in real life. Virtue came to have two meanings: first, a disposition of benevolence towards oneself and others; second, a new interest in the culture of the heart, in man’s inner and emotional side.
Since your #11 had two fragments in it, I put them together with your #10, using a colon and a semicolon for correct punctuation.
In this passage, we learn about important events and changes in governance during the late 17th and early 18th centuries in England. Here's a breakdown of each point:
1) The Bill of Rights, established in 1689, limited the power of the Crown and ensured that Parliament had authority over the country.
To learn more about the Bill of Rights and its significance, you can research the historical context during this time period, the events that led to its creation, and the specific provisions it contained.
2) The Toleration Act, also passed in 1689, granted freedom of religion to dissenters, allowing them to practice their faith without persecution.
To explore the Toleration Act further, you can look into the religious conflicts in England during this era, the reasons for its passage, and the impact it had on religious tolerance.
3) Following the death of Queen Anne in 1714, George of Hanover, her nearest Protestant relative, became King George I of England. However, he was unpopular due to his lack of English skills and preference for Germany.
To delve deeper into this period and the reign of George I, you can study the succession crisis after Queen Anne, the reasons for George I's unpopularity, and his overall impact on England.
4) The unpopular reign of George I led to ministers meeting without the King's involvement and choosing a Prime Minister who would be responsible to the King for government policy.
To understand how this change in governance took place, you can examine the political dynamics during this time, the development of the Prime Minister role, and the reasons behind the ministers' decision to meet without the King.
5) This change in governance laid the foundations of the Parliamentary monarchy. George I was succeeded by his brother, George II, under whom the old hostilities between England and France were reignited.
To gain a deeper understanding of the Parliamentary monarchy and the reign of George II, you can explore the relationship between the monarchy and Parliament, the historical context of Anglo-French hostilities, and the effects of these hostilities on England.
6) 18th century England was known as the Augustan age, named after a period in Roman history characterized by political stability, power, and flourishing of the arts.
To learn more about why 18th century England was called the Augustan age, you can study the cultural and intellectual achievements of the time, the societal values and ideals that emerged, and the parallels drawn between this time period and the Roman Augustan era.
7) The 18th-century English society was materialistic, pragmatic, and responsive to economic pressures. It had hierarchical and hereditary political institutions.
To understand the characteristics of 18th-century English society more fully, you can research the economic factors driving materialism and pragmatism, the socio-political structure of the time, and the privileges held by certain classes in society.
8) Elections in this era were controlled by local landowners, and voting was not secret. Politicians would bribe voters with money or promises of jobs.
To explore the election process and political practices of the time, you can investigate the reasons behind the lack of voting secrecy, the influence of landowners on elections, and the impact of bribery on the democratic process.
9) 18th-century English society fostered individualism and was not concerned with social justice, equality, or fraternity.
To better understand the prevailing ideologies and values of the time, you can study the intellectual influences on individualism, the reasons for the lack of emphasis on social justice and equality, and the societal implications of these attitudes.
10) Liberal thought influenced the new worldview, emphasizing free will, salvation for all, the goodness of mankind, and the belief in progress. Optimism encouraged faith in progress, and the Augustans showed interest in real life.
To delve into the intellectual and philosophical developments of this period, you can research the key thinkers and ideas of liberalism, the reasons behind the societal focus on progress, and the role of optimism in shaping the Augustan worldview.
11) The concept of virtue took on two meanings during this time: first, a disposition of benevolence towards oneself and others, and second, an emphasis on the culture of the heart and man's inner and emotional side.
To explore the concept of virtue in this context further, you can examine the philosophical and moral frameworks that influenced the understanding of virtue, the reasons for the expansion of its meaning, and the broader societal implications of this shift.
By researching these various aspects and historical events, you can gain a comprehensive understanding of the changes and developments that occurred during this era in English history.