neutransmitters released by the vesicles in the terminal buttons complete communication between neurons by their action in the
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synaptic cleft. When an electrical impulse (referred to as an action potential) travels along the axon of a neuron, it reaches the terminal buttons at the end of the axon. Within the terminal buttons, there are small structures called vesicles that store neurotransmitters.
To understand how neurotransmitters complete communication between neurons, we need to look at the process of synaptic transmission. When an action potential reaches the terminal buttons, it triggers the release of neurotransmitters from the vesicles into the synaptic cleft, which is the small gap between the sending neuron (pre-synaptic neuron) and the receiving neuron (post-synaptic neuron).
Once in the synaptic cleft, the neurotransmitters bind to specific receptor molecules on the membrane of the post-synaptic neuron. This binding process is called neurotransmitter receptor binding. The receptors are like locks, and the neurotransmitters act as keys that fit into these locks. The specific binding of neurotransmitters to receptors initiates a series of events that allow the post-synaptic neuron to respond to the neurotransmitter signal.
The binding of neurotransmitters to receptors can have either excitatory or inhibitory effects on the post-synaptic neuron. Excitatory neurotransmitters increase the likelihood that the post-synaptic neuron will generate an action potential, while inhibitory neurotransmitters decrease the likelihood of an action potential.
Once the neurotransmitter has completed its role in the synaptic cleft, it is removed through various processes, including reuptake by the sending neuron or enzymatic degradation.
In summary, neurotransmitters released by vesicles in the terminal buttons complete communication between neurons by crossing the synaptic cleft, binding to receptors on the post-synaptic neuron, and initiating a response in the receiving neuron. This process allows for the transmission of information from one neuron to another in the nervous system.