Fill in the blank- 5points each:
Please fill in the blank with a word of phrase that best answers the questions. Be sure to highlight your answer, use bold font or select a different color of lettering to distinguish your answer.
1. Two biological causes of intellectual disabilities include __________ and ___________.
2. Consistent personality characteristics and behaviors displayed in different situations are known as Traits.
3. While __________ tests predict a person’s ability in a specific area; ___________tests determine the specific level of knowledge in an area.
4. A student would be relying on his/her Fluid and crystallized
intelligence when asked to place the fifty states in alphabetical order.
5. The human resources department of a technical firm might use the ____________________ in order to screen appropriate applicants for high security jobs.
6. While most major theories of personality stress determinism the ___________ approach believes in free will.
7. A __________ theorist would suggest that a teenager experiments with cigarettes after she/he observes her/his parent smoking without any consequences.
8. Two major projective personality tests include the ____________ and the _______________.
9. A(n) _____________________test attempts to utilize questions that are appropriate to all populations taking the test.
10. The major drawback to the trait approach to personality is that it does not _______________________ for behavior.
Short Answer- 25 points each
1. Explain Howard Gardner’s theory of intelligence and how it differs from traditional thinking. What specific steps could a school take to promote his theory in its curriculum and in its classrooms?
2. Provide a brief description of Alfred Binet’s contributions to
intelligence testing. After viewing Figure 4 on p. 373, explain the bell distribution. How does this concept relate to the intelligence quotient (IQ)?
Down Syndrome
1. Two biological causes of intellectual disabilities include **genetic disorders** and **brain injury or trauma**.
To find the answer to this question, we need to identify the possible biological causes of intellectual disabilities. One way to do this is by conducting research or consulting reputable sources such as medical journals, textbooks, or websites specializing in intellectual disabilities. By reviewing these sources, we can identify genetic disorders and brain injury or trauma as common biological causes of intellectual disabilities.
2. Consistent personality characteristics and behaviors displayed in different situations are known as **traits**.
To answer this question, we need to understand the concept of consistent personality characteristics and behaviors. One way to find the answer is by studying psychology textbooks or articles on personality traits. These sources define traits as enduring patterns of behavior, cognition, and emotion that are consistent across different situations and over a period of time. By understanding this concept, we can identify traits as the answer to the question.
3. While **aptitude** tests predict a person’s ability in a specific area, **achievement** tests determine the specific level of knowledge in an area.
To find the answer to this question, we need to understand the definitions of aptitude and achievement tests. Aptitude tests measure a person's potential or ability in a specific area, while achievement tests assess the level of knowledge or skills already acquired in a specific area. By studying educational or psychological textbooks, we can find the definitions and use them to correctly answer the question.
4. A student would be relying on his/her **fluid** and **crystallized** intelligence when asked to place the fifty states in alphabetical order.
To answer this question, we need to understand the concepts of fluid and crystallized intelligence. Fluid intelligence refers to the ability to think abstractly, reason, and solve novel problems, while crystallized intelligence involves using previously acquired knowledge and skills. By studying psychology or cognitive science textbooks, we can identify these concepts and apply them to determine that placing the fifty states in alphabetical order requires both fluid and crystallized intelligence.
5. The human resources department of a technical firm might use the **polygraph** in order to screen appropriate applicants for high-security jobs.
To find the answer to this question, we need to identify a tool or method used by the human resources department to screen applicants for high-security jobs. One way to do this is by studying HR practices or consulting job screening guidelines for high-security positions. By doing so, we can determine that the polygraph test is commonly used for this purpose.
6. While most major theories of personality stress determinism, the **humanistic** approach believes in free will.
To answer this question, we need to identify a major personality theory that differs from the others in terms of determinism and free will. One way to do this is by studying different theories of personality, their key concepts, and philosophical underpinnings. By doing so, we can determine that the humanistic approach to personality emphasizes individual freedom, personal choice, and self-actualization, thus believing in free will.
7. A **social learning** theorist would suggest that a teenager experiments with cigarettes after observing their parent smoking without any consequences.
To answer this question, we need to determine which theory of behavior suggests that people learn through observation and modeling. One way to do this is by studying social learning theories, such as Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory. By understanding the key concepts of this theory, we can conclude that a social learning theorist would propose that a teenager experiments with cigarettes after observing their parent smoking without any consequences.
8. Two major projective personality tests include the **Rorschach Inkblot Test** and the **Thematic Apperception Test**.
To answer this question, we need to identify two well-known projective personality tests. One way to do this is by studying psychological assessments or diagnostic manuals that discuss different types of personality tests and their administration. By doing so, we can identify the Rorschach Inkblot Test and the Thematic Apperception Test as two widely used projective personality assessment tools.
9. A **culture-fair** test attempts to utilize questions that are appropriate for all populations taking the test.
To answer this question, we need to determine the type of test that tries to eliminate cultural biases or differences in order to ensure fairness for all test-takers. One way to do this is by studying educational or psychological measurement literature that discusses test development and cultural bias. By doing so, we can identify culture-fair tests as those that aim to minimize the impact of cultural factors on test performance.
10. The major drawback to the trait approach to personality is that it does not **account** for behavior.
To answer this question, we need to identify a limitation or criticism of the trait approach to personality. One way to find the answer is by studying personality theory textbooks or academic articles that discuss different approaches to understanding personality. By doing so, we can identify that one of the limitations of the trait approach is its inability to explain or account for specific behaviors in different situations or contexts.