what new ideas in technology occurred during the Greco-Roman civilization?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_technology
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_technology
During the Greco-Roman civilization, several new ideas and technological advancements emerged across a wide range of fields. These developments were critical in shaping the progress of technology during that time. To explore them, we can refer to historical records, archaeological discoveries, and writings from that period.
1. Architecture: The Greeks and Romans are renowned for their architectural achievements. The invention of the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders revolutionized the design of buildings. The use of columns, arches, and vaults allowed for the construction of grand structures such as temples, theaters, and amphitheaters.
2. Engineering: In terms of engineering, the Greeks and Romans made significant contributions. Archimedes, a Greek mathematician, developed various machines, including the water screw, which was used for irrigation. Additionally, they built aqueducts to transport water over long distances, contributing to improved sanitation and urban planning.
3. Mathematics: Greek mathematicians made groundbreaking strides in geometry. Euclid's publication of "Elements" established the foundations of this field. Additionally, the Greeks introduced the concept of the value of pi (~3.14) and developed methods for calculating geometric measurements.
4. Medicine: The Greco-Roman civilization saw progress in the medical field. Hippocrates, often regarded as the "Father of Medicine," laid the groundwork for a scientific approach to healthcare. He emphasized observation, diagnosis, and ethical medical practice. The Roman physician Galen made significant contributions to anatomy and physiology.
5. Literature and Libraries: The establishment of libraries in ancient Greece and Rome played a crucial role in preserving and disseminating knowledge. Libraries, such as the Library of Alexandria in Egypt, were not only repositories of written works but also centers for research and intellectual exchange.
6. Mechanical Inventions: The Greeks and Romans developed various mechanical devices. For example, the Antikythera Mechanism, an ancient analog computer, was used for astronomical and calendrical calculations. It showcased the advancement of their understanding of gears, astronomical cycles, and intricate mechanisms.
To explore these advancements further, you can refer to books on ancient technology and history. The works of historians like Herodotus, Pliny the Elder, and Vitruvius offer valuable insights into the technological innovations during the Greco-Roman civilization.