1.explain how the code that is found in the organism`s genes works
2.describe how the genetic code controls the production of proteins
3.find diagrams to help explain
thankyou!
1. The code that is found in an organism's genes is essentially instructions for creating proteins. Genes are made up of DNA, which consists of a sequence of nucleotides (A, T, C, G). These nucleotides are arranged in specific patterns, and each pattern codes for a specific amino acid. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.
To understand how the code in genes works, you can follow these steps:
a. Identify the gene sequence: Determine which gene you want to examine. Genes are typically labeled with specific names or symbols, and they can be found in databases such as GenBank or Ensembl.
b. Obtain the gene sequence: Once you have identified the gene, you can retrieve its DNA sequence. Search for the gene in a database or use specific tools like the BLAST program to find the sequence.
c. Transcribe the gene: The DNA sequence is transcribed into a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule. During transcription, the DNA sequence is read by RNA polymerase, which creates a complementary RNA sequence (replacing T with U).
d. Translate the mRNA: The mRNA sequence is then translated into a protein. Ribosomes, the protein-making machinery of the cell, read the mRNA sequence in groups of three nucleotides called codons. Each codon codes for a specific amino acid. The ribosome links the amino acids together in the order dictated by the mRNA sequence, ultimately forming a protein.
2. The genetic code controls the production of proteins through a process called protein synthesis. The genetic code is a set of rules that relates the sequence of nucleotides in DNA to the sequence of amino acids in a protein.
The steps involved in how the genetic code controls protein production are as follows:
a. DNA transcription: The DNA double helix unwinds, and one strand serves as a template for the synthesis of a complementary mRNA molecule. RNA polymerase reads the DNA sequence and creates an mRNA molecule by adding complementary RNA nucleotides.
b. mRNA processing: The newly synthesized mRNA undergoes various modifications, such as the addition of a 5' cap and a poly(A) tail. These modifications help protect the mRNA and facilitate its export from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
c. mRNA translation: The mRNA molecule attaches to a ribosome in the cytoplasm. Ribosomes read the mRNA sequence in codons (groups of three nucleotides) and recruit specific transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules to bring the corresponding amino acids. The ribosome links the amino acids together, forming a polypeptide chain.
d. Protein folding and modification: Once the polypeptide chain is synthesized, it undergoes folding into its three-dimensional structure. Additional modifications, such as cleavage of certain segments or attachment of functional groups, may occur to produce the final functional protein.
3. To find diagrams that help explain the concepts of gene expression, protein synthesis, and the genetic code, you can utilize various resources such as:
a. Textbooks: Biology textbooks often include diagrams and illustrations to visually represent these processes. Look for chapters specifically covering genetics and molecular biology.
b. Online educational websites: Websites like Khan Academy, Biology Online, and Learn.Genetics offer interactive lessons and diagrams on various biological processes, including gene expression and protein synthesis. These resources often include visual aids to enhance understanding.
c. Scientific publications: Peer-reviewed scientific articles often contain figures and diagrams illustrating specific aspects of gene expression and protein synthesis. Websites like PubMed and Google Scholar can help you find relevant articles.