What is the distinction between deductive and inductive argument and give examples of each.
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The distinction between deductive and inductive arguments lies in the way they provide reasoning and support for their conclusions.
Deductive arguments are those in which the conclusion logically follows from the provided premises with certainty. If the premises are true, then the conclusion must also be true. Deductive reasoning moves from general principles or premises to a specific conclusion. Here is an example:
Premise 1: All mammals are warm-blooded animals.
Premise 2: Dolphins are mammals.
Conclusion: Therefore, dolphins are warm-blooded animals.
In this deductive argument, if we assume the premises to be true, then the conclusion follows necessarily.
On the other hand, inductive arguments are those in which the conclusion is supported by provided evidence or observations, but it does not guarantee certainty. Inductive reasoning moves from specific observations to a broader conclusion. Here is an example:
Observation 1: Every time I have eaten ice cream, it has been cold.
Observation 2: Every time my friends have eaten ice cream, it has been cold.
Observation 3: Every time I have seen people eating ice cream, it has been cold.
Conclusion: Therefore, we can reasonably conclude that all ice cream is cold.
In this inductive argument, the conclusion is based on a pattern observed in various instances. However, it does not provide a guarantee that all ice cream is always cold.
To summarize, deductive arguments provide certainty while inductive arguments provide probability or likelihood.