write down the '' balance sheet''(carbon,electron,ATP,etc)for the fallowing metabolic process:
-use the most common alternatives.
-Give the balanced overall reactions with correct stoichiometry
-Ýndicate all key reactans and products.
-calculate how many ATP molecules might be synthesized at each case and compare ATP yield.
1-Fermentation(starting from glycolysis)
2-Aerobic Respiration by chemoorganotrophs(glycolysis+bridge+TCP)
3-Anaerobic Respiration by denitrifiers (glycolysis+bridge+TCP).
To answer your question, I will provide the balanced overall reactions for each metabolic process you mentioned along with the key reactants and products. I will also calculate the ATP yield for each case.
1. Fermentation (starting from glycolysis):
The most common type of fermentation is alcoholic fermentation, which involves the conversion of glucose into ethanol and carbon dioxide. Here is the balanced overall reaction:
Glucose → 2 Ethanol + 2 Carbon Dioxide
Key reactant: Glucose
Key products: Ethanol and Carbon Dioxide
During glycolysis, which is the initial step of fermentation, 2 ATP molecules are consumed to activate glucose. However, since fermentation does not involve the electron transport chain, no additional ATP is produced.
2. Aerobic Respiration by chemoorganotrophs (glycolysis+bridge+TCA):
In aerobic respiration, glucose is completely oxidized to produce carbon dioxide, water, and ATP. Here is the balanced overall reaction:
Glucose + 6 Oxygen → 6 Carbon Dioxide + 6 Water + ATP
Key reactant: Glucose
Key products: Carbon Dioxide, Water, and ATP
During glycolysis, 2 ATP molecules are consumed, and 4 ATP molecules are produced, resulting in a net gain of 2 ATP. In the citric acid cycle (also known as the TCA or Krebs cycle), 2 ATP molecules are produced. Finally, during oxidative phosphorylation in the electron transport chain, a maximum of 34 ATP molecules are produced.
Overall ATP yield: 2 (glycolysis) + 2 (citric acid cycle) + 34 (electron transport chain) = 38 ATP
3. Anaerobic Respiration by denitrifiers (glycolysis+bridge+TCA):
Denitrifiers use alternative electron acceptors, such as nitrate or nitrite, instead of oxygen in their respiratory process. Here is the balanced overall reaction:
Glucose + Nitrate → 6 Carbon Dioxide + 6 Water + Nitrite
Key reactants: Glucose and Nitrate
Key products: Carbon Dioxide, Water, and Nitrite
The ATP yield in anaerobic respiration is generally lower than in aerobic respiration. The ATP production during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle remains the same as in aerobic respiration. However, the ATP yield from oxidative phosphorylation is reduced due to the use of alternative electron acceptors. The exact ATP yield will depend on the efficiency of the electron transport chain using the alternative acceptor.
Overall ATP yield: Same as in aerobic respiration (2 from glycolysis + 2 from citric acid cycle) + Reduced ATP yield from oxidative phosphorylation.
Calculating the exact ATP yield for anaerobic respiration by denitrifiers would require knowledge of the specific denitrification pathway and the efficiency of electron transfer.
It's important to note that the ATP yields mentioned are theoretical maximums, and actual yields may vary depending on the efficiency of various processes and any additional factors involved.