9. The total amount of energy released from the chemical bonds of glucose is 2870 kJ/mol, after the initial investment of 2 ATP. The total energy that can be harvested to form ATP molecules is about 1200 kJ/mol.

a. After the initial investment of 2 ATP, 38 ATP are produced. How much energy was used to phosphorylate one ADP?
b. What percentage of the total energy contained in glucose is captured during glycolysis?

To answer these questions, we need to calculate the energy used to phosphorylate one ADP and the percentage of total energy captured during glycolysis. Let's break it down step by step.

a. To find out how much energy was used to phosphorylate one ADP, we first need to calculate the amount of energy used to form all the ATP molecules produced during glycolysis. From the given information, we know that after the initial investment of 2 ATP, a total of 38 ATP are produced. So, the total amount of energy produced from ATP is:

Total ATP produced = 38 ATP
Total energy produced from ATP = Total ATP produced x Energy per ATP molecule
= 38 ATP x 1200 kJ/mol

Next, we need to determine the amount of energy used to phosphorylate one ADP. We know that a single ATP molecule provides 7.3 kJ/mol of energy. Therefore, the energy used to phosphorylate one ADP is:

Energy used to phosphorylate one ADP = Energy produced from ATP / Total ATP produced
= (38 ATP x 1200 kJ/mol) / 2 ATP

Now, we can calculate the energy used to phosphorylate one ADP using the formula above.

b. To find the percentage of the total energy contained in glucose that is captured during glycolysis, we need to compare the energy produced during glycolysis to the total energy released from the chemical bonds of glucose.

Total energy released from glucose = 2870 kJ/mol

The energy that can be harvested to form ATP molecules is about 1200 kJ/mol.

Percentage energy captured during glycolysis = (Energy produced during glycolysis / Total energy released from glucose) x 100

Now, we can calculate the percentage of energy captured during glycolysis using the formula above.

a. To find out how much energy was used to phosphorylate one ADP, we can subtract the energy produced from the energy invested.

Total energy produced from 1 mole of glucose = 38 ATP * 1200 kJ/mol = 45600 kJ/mol

Energy used to phosphorylate ADP = Total energy produced - Energy invested
Energy used to phosphorylate ADP = 45600 kJ/mol - 2 ATP * 1200 kJ/mol = 43200 kJ/mol

Therefore, the energy used to phosphorylate one ADP is 43200 kJ/mol.

b. To calculate the percentage of the total energy contained in glucose captured during glycolysis, we need to divide the energy produced in the form of ATP by the total energy released from the chemical bonds of glucose.

Percentage of energy captured = (Energy produced in the form of ATP / Total energy released from glucose) * 100
Percentage of energy captured = (38 ATP * 1200 kJ/mol / 2870 kJ/mol) * 100
Percentage of energy captured ≈ 49.8%

Therefore, approximately 49.8% of the total energy contained in glucose is captured during glycolysis.