can you explain to me in details please of how these type of questions can be answered without using a calculator to find the direct answer.

Find the following functions correct to five decimal places:

a. sin 22degrees 43'
b. cos 44degrees 56'
C. sin 79degrees 23'30'

my trig book has tables in degrees and minutes

for example, look-up sin 24 deg 40 min and sin 24 deg 50 min. cal. the correction and add to the smaller angle for sin, tan, sec (subtract the correction for cos, cot, csc)

sin 24d 40' = .4173
sin 24d 50' = .4200
difference = .0027

actual minutes = 43'
smaller angle above = 40'
difference = 3' * .10 = .3000

correction = .3000 * .0027 = .0008

sin 24d 40' = .4173
add correction .0008
sin 24d 43' = .4181

you try the others