Chapter 1 & 2 Review Questions
1. Compare and Contrast the two main branches of physical science.
2. Distinguish between scientific laws and scientific theories.
3. Describe the steps of the scientific method.
4. Explain the objective of a consistent system of units, and identify the SI units for length, mass, and time.
5. Express each of the following quantities using an appropriate SI prefix before the proper units.
a. 0.004 g
b. 75,000 m
6. Write the following measurements in scientific notation:
a. 0.005 km
b. 65,900,000 m
7. Do the following calculations, and write your answers in scientific notation:
a. 37,000,000 A x 7,100,000 s
b. 0.000312 m3 ÷ 486 s
8. Round the following measurements to the number of significant figures shown in parentheses:
a. 7.376 m (2)
b. 48,794 km (3)
9. Explain why mass and weight are not the same. How would the units in which they are measured differ?
Ch. 2 Review Questions
1. Explain the relationship between matter, atoms, and elements.
2. Distinguish between elements and compounds.
3. Describe molecules, and explain how they are formed.
4. Explain the difference between pure substances and mixtures, and give examples of each.
5. Distinguish between the physical and chemical properties of matter, and give examples of each.
6. Perform calculations involving density.
a. A piece of titanium metal has a mass of 67.5 g and a volume of 15 cm3. What is the density of titanium?
b. The density of a piece of brass is 8.4 g/cm3. If the mass of the brass is 510 g, find the volume of the brass.
c. What mass (grams) of water will fill a tank that is 100.0 cm long, 50.0 cm wide, and 30.0 cm high?
7. Explain physical change, and give examples of physical changes.
8. Explain chemical change, and give examples of chemical changes.
9. Describe how to detect whether a chemical changes has occurred.
10. Lead has a density of 11.3 g/cm3 and a mass of 82.5 g. What is its volume?
11. How many total atoms are in one molecule of table sugar (C12H22O11)?
12. A substance has a mass of 400 g and a volume of 11.2 cm3. What is its density?
13. What is the smallest unit of an element that has the properties of the element?
I have a question here. Are you reviewing or are we reviewing (if we complete this work). How can we help? Surely you don't expect us to answer each in detail. Most of us could write a book.
i'm sorry
To answer these chapter review questions, I'll provide explanations and guidance for each question.
Chapter 1 Review Questions:
1. To compare and contrast the two main branches of physical science, namely physics and chemistry, you can start by explaining that physics deals with the study of matter and energy, including the fundamental forces and motion. On the other hand, chemistry focuses on the composition, properties, and interactions of substances. Physics often looks at the macroscopic level, while chemistry delves into the microscopic level.
To answer this question, you can compare and contrast topics such as the scope of study, methods used, and the areas of application for physics and chemistry.
2. Distinguishing between scientific laws and scientific theories involves explaining that scientific laws are generalizations or descriptions of how things behave in nature, based on repeated observations and experiments. Scientific laws summarize what happens without providing explanations for why it happens. On the other hand, scientific theories are comprehensive explanations or frameworks that seek to explain why things happen and provide a deep understanding of observed phenomena. Theories are supported by evidence, experimental data, and logical reasoning.
To answer this question, you can highlight examples of scientific laws and theories in various fields, such as Newton's laws of motion and the theory of evolution.
3. Describing the steps of the scientific method involves explaining the general process that scientists follow to investigate and understand phenomena. The steps typically include:
1. Making observations and asking questions about a specific phenomenon.
2. Conducting background research to gather information and build a foundation of knowledge.
3. Formulating a hypothesis, which is a testable explanation or prediction based on the observations.
4. Designing and conducting experiments or collecting data to test the hypothesis.
5. Analyzing the data and drawing conclusions based on the results.
6. Communicating the findings through scientific reports, journals, or presentations.
7. Repeating the process by refining and expanding the research based on new questions and discoveries.
To answer this question, you can explain each step in detail, providing examples and emphasizing the iterative nature of the scientific method.
4. The objective of a consistent system of units is to provide a standardized way of measuring physical quantities to ensure uniformity and clarity in scientific communication. The SI (International System of Units) is a widely adopted system of measurement units used in science, engineering, and everyday life. The SI units for length, mass, and time are as follows:
- Length: meter (m)
- Mass: kilogram (kg)
- Time: second (s)
To answer this question, you can explain the importance of a consistent system of units in scientific calculations and measurements, and provide real-life examples of these units in use.
5. To express the quantities 0.004 g and 75,000 m using appropriate SI prefixes, you need to convert the values to a form that is easily represented. SI prefixes allow you to scale the value by multiples of 10.
a. 0.004 g can be expressed as 4 mg (milligrams) by multiplying it by 1000, which is equivalent to moving the decimal point three places to the right.
b. 75,000 m can be expressed as 75 km (kilometers) by dividing it by 1000, which is equivalent to moving the decimal point three places to the left.
To answer this question, you can provide a general understanding of SI prefixes and demonstrate how to convert the given quantities by correctly applying the appropriate prefix.
6. Writing the measurements 0.005 km and 65,900,000 m in scientific notation involves representing the values using powers of 10. Scientific notation expresses numbers as a product of a decimal number between 1 and 10 and a power of 10.
a. 0.005 km can be written as 5 x 10^(-3) km by moving the decimal point three places to the right and indicating the negative exponent.
b. 65,900,000 m can be written as 6.59 x 10^7 m by moving the decimal point seven places to the left and indicating the positive exponent.
To answer this question, you can explain the concept of scientific notation and provide step-by-step instructions on how to convert the given measurements.
7. Doing the calculations 37,000,000 A x 7,100,000 s and 0.000312 m^3 ÷ 486 s in scientific notation requires multiplying or dividing the numbers and then converting the result to scientific notation.
a. 37,000,000 A x 7,100,000 s = 2.627 x 10^14 As by multiplying the numbers and then adding their exponents.
b. 0.000312 m^3 ÷ 486 s = 6.42 x 10^(-7) m^3/s by dividing the numbers and then subtracting their exponents.
To answer this question, you can demonstrate the multiplication and division steps and explain how to properly express the result in scientific notation.
8. Rounding the measurements 7.376 m (2) and 48,794 km (3) to the given number of significant figures requires considering the digit at the rounding position and the significant figures rules.
a. 7.376 m (2) can be rounded to 7.4 m because the third decimal place is 6, which is greater than 5, so the digit being rounded becomes 4.
b. 48,794 km (3) can be rounded to 48.8 km because the fourth decimal place is 9, which is greater than 5, so the digit being rounded becomes 8.
To answer this question, you can explain the rules for significant figures and step-by-step instructions for rounding to the specified number of significant figures.
9. Explaining why mass and weight are not the same involves understanding the fundamental differences between the two concepts. Mass is a measure of the amount of matter an object contains, while weight is the force of gravity acting on an object's mass. Mass is an intrinsic property of an object and remains constant regardless of its location, while weight can vary based on the gravitational field strength.
To answer this question, you can elaborate on the distinction between mass and weight and how they are measured. Mass is typically measured in units like grams or kilograms, while weight is measured in units like newtons or pounds.