Until recent times, democracy—that is freely elected governments and civil societies (something we take for granted in the US) were not considered desirable in many Third World Countries. Why was that the case? Why has this changed in recent times?
I can think of two reasons. True democracy needs an educated and literate electorate. However, literacy rates have been very low in many developing and underdeveloped nations.
The second reason is that democracy can be messy. Some people argue that a dictatorship is more efficient than waiting for people to vote on issues. As the old saying went about Mussolini, the Italian dictator of the 30s and early 30s -- "at least he made the trains run on time."
The perception and desirability of democracy in Third World countries have evolved over time. To understand why democracy was not considered desirable in the past and why this has changed in recent times, we need to consider several factors.
1. Historical Context: Many Third World countries were former colonies that gained independence during the 20th century. However, the post-colonial era was characterized by political instability, economic challenges, and social divisions. The transition from colonial rule to self-governance was often turbulent, with power struggles, dictatorships, and weak institutions. These chaotic circumstances made stable governance and development priorities over democratic ideals.
2. Cold War Dynamics: During the Cold War, the global geopolitical landscape was dominated by the rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union. Both countries competed for influence and sought to align with Third World countries. As a result, some authoritarian regimes found support from one of the superpowers, leading to a preference for stability over democracy.
3. Authoritarian Rule: In some instances, authoritarian leaders emerged in Third World countries and focused on consolidating power, often through repression and control. These leaders argued that democracy would lead to chaos, divisiveness, and an inability to govern effectively. They believed their strong-handed approach was necessary for stability and development.
However, in recent times, there has been a shift towards democracy in many Third World countries. This change can be attributed to several factors:
1. Global Norms: The global norm of democracy and human rights has gained greater acceptance and legitimacy. International organizations, such as the United Nations and regional bodies, promote and advocate for democracy as a fundamental right. This has exerted pressure on governments to adopt democratic reforms.
2. Democratization Waves: The spread of democracy in neighboring countries or regions can influence neighboring countries to follow suit. When neighboring countries successfully transition to democracy, it can inspire and create momentum for democratic movements elsewhere.
3. People's Aspirations: The desire for political freedom, participation, and accountability has grown among citizens in many Third World countries. As access to information and education increases, people become more aware of democratic principles and demand more say in their governance.
4. Economic Development: The link between economic development and democracy has also played a role. Studies have shown that countries with democratic systems tend to experience more sustainable economic growth, reduced corruption, and improved living standards. This has shifted the perception that authoritarianism is necessary for development.
Additionally, external pressures, such as economic aid or trade agreements that come with democratic conditions, have incentivized countries to adopt democratic reforms.
It is worth noting that the shift towards democracy is complex, and the pace and success of democratization vary across different countries and regions.