Why did relations between the superpowers change in the years 1962-75
The years between 1962 and 1975 were a crucial period in the history of international relations, as there were significant changes in the dynamics between the superpowers during this time. To understand why these relations changed, we need to consider several key factors and events that took place during this period.
1. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962): The most significant event during this time was the Cuban Missile Crisis. This standoff between the United States and the Soviet Union brought them to the brink of nuclear war. It forced both superpowers to realize the dangers of direct confrontation, leading to a shift towards more cautious and diplomatic approaches in their relations.
2. Nuclear Arms Race: The United States and the Soviet Union were engaged in a fierce nuclear arms race during this period. As both sides continued to amass large numbers of nuclear weapons, the concept of "Mutual Assured Destruction" (MAD) emerged. MAD created a sense of mutual vulnerability, which promoted a more cautious approach towards each other and initiated discussions on arms control.
3. Détente (1960s-1970s): Détente, a period of improved relations between the superpowers, started in the late 1960s. This policy aimed to reduce tensions and promote dialogue and cooperation between the United States and the Soviet Union. It led to various agreements, such as the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT), designed to limit the growth of nuclear weapons.
4. Proxy Wars: While the superpowers were engaging in diplomatic efforts, they were also involved in proxy wars in different regions. In these conflicts, such as the Vietnam War and the Cold War conflicts in the Middle East and Africa, the United States and the Soviet Union supported opposite sides. These proxy wars further complicated their relations and added strain to the superpowers' overall interactions.
5. Leadership Changes: The change in leadership in both countries also had an impact on the superpowers' relations. In the United States, President Richard Nixon and his National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger pursued a policy of realpolitik, seeking to negotiate with the Soviet Union and China. In the Soviet Union, the ascension of leaders like Leonid Brezhnev and later Mikhail Gorbachev brought new perspectives and approaches to international relations.
Overall, the relations between the superpowers during the years 1962-1975 changed due to a combination of factors including the nuclear threat, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the arms race, the détente policy, proxy wars, and leadership changes. These events and dynamics contributed to a more cautious and cooperative approach between the United States and the Soviet Union during this period.