List Six deceptive graphical techniques.
I searched Google under the key words "six deceptive graphical techniques" to get these possible sources:
http://www.steelypips.org/library/0104.html
http://chnm.gmu.edu/digitalhistory/links/pdf/chapter4/4.13b%20and%204.21.pdf
http://www.preciousheart.net/chaplaincy/Auditor_Manual/12decepd.pdf
(Broken Link Removed)
http://www.sagepub.com/upm-data/5897_Chapter_3_Frankfort_03.pdf
In the future, you can find the information you desire more quickly, if you use appropriate key words to do your own search. Also see http://hanlib.sou.edu/searchtools/.
I hope this helps.
Deceptive graphical techniques refer to methods used in visual representation that can mislead or manipulate viewers. Here are six common deceptive graphical techniques:
1. Misleading Scales: One deceptive technique is scaling the axes of a graph in a way that distorts the data representation. This can exaggerate or minimize the differences between values, making the data appear more or less significant than it actually is.
2. Cherry-Picking: This technique involves selectively presenting data that supports a particular viewpoint while ignoring conflicting or contradictory data. It deceives viewers by presenting a skewed perspective that doesn't provide a complete picture of the topic.
3. Data Manipulation: Deceptive graphs can be created by altering the data itself, such as excluding certain data points, altering values, or selectively choosing a time frame. This manipulation can lead to false conclusions and misinterpretation of the data.
4. Visual Distortions: Graphics can be manipulated through altering visual elements, such as changing the size, shape, or position of objects. This technique can mislead viewers by creating an illusion that distorts their perception of the information being presented.
5. Use of Arbitrary Units: Another deceptive technique is the use of arbitrary or non-standard scales on graphs or charts. By not using a consistent and meaningful scale, the relationship between data points can be distorted, leading to inaccurate interpretations.
6. Misleading Visuals: Graphical images, such as icons, symbols, or images, can be presented in a way that contradicts or misrepresents the accompanying data. This creates a disconnection between the visuals and the actual information, deceiving viewers.
It is essential to be aware of these deceptive techniques when interpreting graphs and charts. When encountering graphics, it is often helpful to scrutinize the data sources, examine the scaling and labeling of axes, and consider the overall context to avoid being misled. Critical thinking and verifying the data independently can also be important in identifying deceptive graphical techniques.