Which of the following theories holds that each citizen gives up complete liberty in return for societal protection against others?

A. Natural law theory C. Police as a public servant theory
B. Social contract theory D. Rawls’s theory

The formal law enforcement code of ethics promoted by the International Association of Chiefs of Police is what kind of code?
A. One that provides principles or guidelines that relate to the value system of the
organization
B. One that provides mandatory rules of conduct that can serve as the basis of discipline
C. An aspirational code that specifies ideal behavior
D. A general code that vaguely describes the tenets of professional conduct

The theory that holds that each citizen gives up complete liberty in return for societal protection against others is B. Social contract theory.

The formal law enforcement code of ethics promoted by the International Association of Chiefs of Police is A. One that provides principles or guidelines that relate to the value system of the organization

To determine the correct answers, let's take a closer look at each theory and code.

Theory 1: Natural law theory
This theory suggests that there are inherent laws or principles that exist in nature and govern human behavior. However, it does not specifically address the concept of citizens giving up complete liberty in return for societal protection against others.

Theory 2: Social contract theory
This theory, developed by philosophers like Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, posits that individuals voluntarily give up some of their liberties and form a government to establish social order and protect their rights. The concept of citizens giving up complete liberty in exchange for societal protection aligns with the principles of the social contract theory. Therefore, the correct answer is B. Social contract theory.

Theory 3: Police as a public servant theory
This theory pertains more to the role of law enforcement agencies in society rather than the concept of citizens giving up complete liberty. It emphasizes that the police should serve and protect the public interests. Therefore, it is not the correct answer.

Theory 4: Rawls’s theory
Rawls's theory, also known as the theory of justice as fairness, focuses on principles of distributive justice and the fair allocation of resources in society. It does not directly address the concept of citizens giving up complete liberty. Therefore, it is not the correct answer.

Moving on to the second question:

Code 1: One that provides principles or guidelines that relate to the value system of the organization
This type of code focuses on the values and principles that guide the organization rather than imposing strict rules of conduct. It can serve as a general framework for decision-making but does not necessarily provide specific rules. Therefore, it is not the correct answer.

Code 2: One that provides mandatory rules of conduct that can serve as the basis of discipline
This type of code consists of enforceable rules that regulate the conduct of members within an organization. It sets clear expectations and provides a basis for disciplinary action when violated. Therefore, this answer has a higher likelihood of being correct.

Code 3: An aspirational code that specifies ideal behavior
An aspirational code sets a standard for ideal behavior but may not be enforceable or require mandatory compliance. It serves as a guideline for ethical conduct rather than a basis for discipline. Therefore, it is not the correct answer.

Code 4: A general code that vaguely describes the tenets of professional conduct
A general code may lack specificity and clarity, making it difficult to apply in real-world situations. It does not provide clear guidance on professional behavior. Therefore, it is not the correct answer.

Based on the information provided, the correct answer for the second question is B. One that provides mandatory rules of conduct that can serve as the basis of discipline.