identify factors which may have influenced the validity and reability of the ovservations.thank for your help.
What observations? Who made them? You seem to be using "buzz words" taken from some particular course or text about preschool teaching. You need to be more specific with your question and explain the context.
"May have influenced" sounds like you are evaluating a specific set of observations. Without knowing exactly what this was, we cannot respond.
However, observations are more valid and reliable if subjects are not aware that they are being observed (e.g., one-way mirror). However, with preschoolers, often they will behave normally after a while, if the observer — even if present in the situation — does not interact with them.
I hope this helps. Thanks for asking.
To identify factors that may have influenced the validity and reliability of observations, you need to consider various elements that could impact the accuracy and consistency of the observations. Here are some factors you should examine:
1. Observer Bias: The personal beliefs, opinions, or judgments of the observer can introduce bias into the observations. To minimize this, ensure that observers are trained to be objective and that their biases are minimized or eliminated.
2. Sampling Bias: If the sample of observations is not representative of the entire population or lacks diversity, it can lead to biased results. Ensure that the sample is randomly selected and representative of the target population.
3. Observer Effect: The presence of an observer can alter the behavior or responses of those being observed. This is known as the Hawthorne effect. To mitigate this, try to minimize the observer's influence on the observed subjects or employ techniques such as disguised observation.
4. Measurement Errors: Errors in measuring or recording observations can affect their validity and reliability. Implement standardized measurement protocols and provide appropriate training to observers to minimize errors.
5. Environmental Factors: The physical environment in which observations are conducted can impact their validity and reliability. Factors such as noise, lighting, or distractions can affect the accuracy of observations. Ensure that the environment is controlled and conducive to accurate observations.
6. Inter-Observer Variability: If multiple observers are involved, differences in their interpretations or methods can impact the reliability of the observations. Implement inter-rater reliability checks or calibration exercises to minimize variability between observers.
7. Subject Factors: Characteristics of the subjects being observed, such as their mood, motivation, or response bias, can affect the validity of observations. Consider these factors and account for them in the design of the observation study.
By analyzing these factors, you can identify potential influences on the validity and reliability of observations, and take measures to minimize their impact.