The following, except one, were reasons for the flood of immigrants in the 1840's:

a. "American letters"
b. a desire to retain the religion of their fathers
c. speedy shipping
d. the collapse of the Continental revolutions

i'm pretty sure the answer is b.

By 1860, religion in America was characterized by
a. greater intolerance
b. greater religious intensity
c. increased restrictions on catholic and jews
d. a multiplicity of denominations

i think the answer is d. i remember reading about that in my textbook.

Thank you for your help.

Those look good.

casey mcflurry??

To determine the correct answers, let's analyze each option and its relevance to the flood of immigrants in the 1840's and the characteristics of religion in America by 1860.

For the first question, the reasons for the flood of immigrants in the 1840's were primarily driven by multiple factors. Let's evaluate each option:

a. "American letters": This term refers to letters sent by immigrants to their friends and relatives in their home countries, enticing them to come to America. It served as a method of communication for sharing information and opportunities. While it facilitated the immigration process, it was not a reason in itself.

b. Desire to retain the religion of their fathers: This reason is significant, especially for Irish and German immigrants. They sought to maintain their religious beliefs and traditions in a new country. This reason aligns with the concept of preserving cultural and religious identity, making it a valid choice.

c. Speedy shipping: Although advancements in transportation and shipping technology did facilitate immigration in the 19th century, it is not specifically tied to the flood of immigrants in the 1840's. Thus, it is not a direct reason.

d. Collapse of the Continental revolutions: The Continental revolutions refer to a wave of political uprisings that occurred in various European countries in the mid-19th century. Their collapse, due to government crackdowns or internal conflicts, caused many individuals to seek refuge in other countries, including the United States. This reason is relevant to the flood of immigrants in the 1840's and can be considered valid.

Based on this analysis, options b (desire to retain the religion of their fathers) and d (the collapse of the Continental revolutions) seem to be the most fitting reasons for the flood of immigrants in the 1840's. If you are confident that option b is correct, you can select it as your answer.

Regarding the characteristics of religion in America by 1860, let's evaluate the options:

a. Greater intolerance: This implies a decrease in religious tolerance, which is not reflective of the overall religious climate in America by 1860. It is not a suitable choice.

b. Greater religious intensity: This suggests an increase in the fervor and passion associated with religious beliefs. While there was religious revivalism during this period, it is not the defining characteristic of religion in America by 1860. Therefore, it is an incorrect option.

c. Increased restrictions on Catholic and Jews: This option suggests a rise in discriminatory practices against Catholics and Jews. While discrimination against religious groups did occur in some instances, it was not a defining characteristic of religion in America by 1860.

d. Multiplicity of denominations: This option refers to the emergence and growth of various religious denominations in the United States. It is an accurate representation of the religious landscape during this time and can be considered the most appropriate choice for the characteristics of religion in America by 1860. If you remember reading about this in your textbook, you can confidently select option d.

Therefore, the correct answers are:
- The collapse of the Continental revolutions (for the flood of immigrants in the 1840's)
- A multiplicity of denominations (for the characteristics of religion in America by 1860)