Dengue fever and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF)

"Dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) results from infection by any of four serotypes of dengue viruses. Transmission occurs through the bite of infected Aedes mosquitoes, principally Aedes aegypti, which is also the principal urban vector of yellow fever. "Although dengue is primarily a health problem of tropical areas, it is of potential concern to health care providers in the continental United States for two reasons. Of primary concern is the risk of dengue transmission within the continental United States. The second reason dengue should concern health care providers in this country are the potential for encountering cases of dengue among travelers arriving from dengue-endemic areas". (Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever, 1992)

Signs and Symptoms

The incubation period of Dengue Fever ranges from three to 15 days before the signs and symptoms of dengue appear. Dengue starts with chills, headache, pain upon moving the eyes, and low backache. Painful aching in the legs and joints occurs during the first hours of illness. The temperature rises quickly as high as 104° F (40° C), with relative low heart rate and low blood pressure. The eyes become reddened. A flushing or pale pink rash comes over the face and then disappears. The glands in the neck and groin are often swollen.

Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is a specific syndrome that tends to affect children under 10. "This condition occurs when a person catches a different dengue virus after being infected by another type sometime before. Prior immunity to a different dengue virus type plays an important role in this severe disease" ("Dengue hemorrhagic fever" MedlinePlus 2006). "It causes abdominal pain, hemorrhage, and circulatory collapse. DHF starts abruptly with high continuous fever and headache. There are respiratory and intestinal symptoms with sore throat, cough, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Shock occurs two to six days after the start of symptoms with sudden collapse, cool, clammy extremities weak pulse, and blueness around the mouth" (Dengue Fever, 2008). "Symptoms of dengue hemorrhagic fever include all of the symptoms of classic dengue plus marked damage to blood and lymph vessels, bleeding from the nose, gums, or under the skin, causing purplish bruises. This form of dengue disease can cause death. Symptoms of dengue shock syndrome include all of the symptoms of classic dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever, with fluids leaking outside of blood vessels, massive bleeding and shock. This form of the disease usually occurs in children experiencing their second dengue infection. It is sometimes fatal, especially in children and young adults" ("Dengue Fever" NIAID 2007).

Diagnosis and Treatment

"Classical dengue fever may be confused with a variety of febrile ill- nesses, including influenza, measles, typhoid fever and malaria. DHF may be confused with sepsis, toxic shock and any of the viral hemorrhagic fevers including yellow fever. Diseases with specific treatments, such as bacterial meningitis, sepsis, malaria and Lassa fever, should be ruled out" (Cunha, JP 2008). "Specific diagnosis is made by isolating the virus in the patient's blood. Tests may include the following: hematocrit, Platelet count, Electrolytes, Coagulation studies, Liver enzymes, Blood gases, Tourniquet test (causes petechiae below the tourniquet), X-ray of the chest, Serologic studies and serum studies from samples taken during acute illness and convalescence .Diagnosis of dengue infection is best accomplished by obtaining an acute serum sample within 5 days after the onset of illness for virus isolation and antibody testing" ("Dengue hemorrhagic fever" MedlinePlus 2006).

"Treatment for classic dengue fever is supportive. Because Dengue hemorrhagic fever is caused by a virus for which there is no known cure or vaccine, the only treatment is to treat the symptoms by rehydration with intravenous fluids is often necessary to treat dehydration; IV fluids and electrolytes are also used to correct electrolyte imbalances. A transfusion of fresh blood or platelets can correct bleeding problems. Oxygen therapy may be needed to treat abnormally low blood oxygen" ("Dengue hemorrhagic fever" MedlinePlus 2006).

Prevention and Control

The Aedes aegypti mosquito is a daytime biter with peak periods of biting around sunrise and sunset. It may bite at any time of the day and is often hidden inside homes or other dwellings, especially in urban areas. The prevention of dengue requires control or eradication of the mosquitoes carrying the virus that causes dengue. The transmission of the virus to mosquitoes must be interrupted to prevent the illness. People are urged to empty stagnant water from old tires, trash cans, and flower pots. Limiting exposure to mosquitoes by avoiding standing water and staying indoors two hours after sunrise and before sunset will help. There is currently no vaccine available for dengue fever. There is a vaccine undergoing clinical trials, but it is too early to tell if it will be safe or effective.( "Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic FAQ" 2005)

Most people who develop dengue fever recover completely within 2 weeks. Some, especially adults, may be tired and/or depressed for several weeks to months after being infected with the virus. The more clinically severe dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndromes can result in vascular (blood vessel) and liver damage, and can be life-threatening. Dengue Fever and its deadly variant Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is an area of various researches in countries where it is endemic. Research and development for various pharmaceutical companies has devoted funding for the production of vaccine for this mosquito borne disease. There were various studies dedicated to vaccine production but it's still in the process of clinical trials and undergoing further studies.


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I cannot respond regarding content, but I'll give you feedback on English, grammar, usage, etc.

Paragraph 1
Where does the first quotation end? The second quotation seems to be over half of the introduction, but with no interpretation or explanation from you; therefore, there's no thesis statement. Does your instructor care about that?

Paragraph 2
Numbers of one or two words need to be spelled out. You spelled out "three," but not 15. It needs to be spelled out, too.

Should be "relatively low heart..." (need for adverb here).

There are no references/citations for the second paragraph. Is all this considered common knowledge? Or should you be citing where you got all this information?

Paragraph 3
Once you have given the acronym for a term, use it throughout the rest of the paper. No need to spell it all out again, and again give the acronym!

In this paragraph, you have three long quotations strung together without any interpretation or explanation of your own. This is not good.
http://www.mantex.co.uk/samples/quot.htm

The rest of the paper is like this -- far too many quotations, far too little of what you have to say.

Please revise and repost; then I'll comment further.

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The information you provided is a detailed overview of Dengue fever and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF). It discusses the transmission, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and control of these diseases. However, you did not provide any specific sources for this information. To provide accurate and reliable information, it is important to cite credible sources. Can you please provide the sources you used for this information?

The information you provided seems to come from various sources, including the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and MedlinePlus. It is important to consult reliable sources when obtaining information about diseases like Dengue fever and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF). The sources you mentioned are reputable sources of medical information.

To gather more information about Dengue fever and DHF, you can visit the official websites of organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO) or the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), as they provide up-to-date and accurate information about various diseases. These websites also provide information on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment options for Dengue fever and DHF.

Additionally, you may also find research articles or studies on academic databases such as PubMed or Google Scholar. These databases provide access to scientific literature and can provide more in-depth information about the ongoing research and development efforts for vaccines against Dengue fever and DHF.

Remember, it is always important to critically evaluate the information you find, check the credibility of the sources, and consult healthcare professionals for advice and guidance on specific medical concerns.