what are the different area of school of thoughts?
I don't know if this will simplify things, but here are my lecture notes for introductory psychology in this area.
History of Psychology — Some students' minds switch to "off" when discussing history. To know me, need to know my past as well as present. Similar with psychology. Will summarize psychology's past with schools of psychology. (Don't memorize specific dates, but know sequence.)
I. Structuralism — was started by Wilhelm Wundt in 1879 in Germany. His student, Edward B. Titchener, brought it to the United States. From the periodic table, hypothesized elements of thinking, feeling and sensation. To find these elements, used introspection, but only trained men to do this (explain). They defined psychology as the study of consciousness (explain).
II. Functionalism was started by Wm. James, John Dewey, Roland Angell in about 1890. Dewey and Angell founded first animal lab. In contrast to structuralism, defined psychology as study of organism's adaptation to its environment. Now can use animals, kids, even women (relate to Charles Darwin's work with ape-human comparison). Although still used a little introspection emphasized use of naturalistic observation (girl's drill team, peeping tom examples).
III. Behaviorism was founded by John Watson in United States about 1913. Against introspection (explain), Watson defined psychology as the study of measurable and observable data or behavior (S-->O-->R and candy machine examples). He emphasized environmental factors (explain). His student, B. F. Skinner, differed from Watson's view of "little black box." Skinner says can infer covert responses within an organism (slam clipboard example).
IV. Gestalt was found by Max Wertheimer , Kurt Koffka and Wolfgang Kšhler in Germany about 1912. Disagreed with geometric axiom, "whole equals sum of parts" (explain, square, building and rearranged body examples).
V. Psychodynamic (Psychoanalytic) school founded by Sigmund Freud, who emphasized unconscious motivation (iceberg example) stemming from biological needs related to sex (explain by changing Gestalt from sex to food). Freud used dream analysis and couch (explain). He believed all behavior is determined by unconscious. WARNING! Do not become a "junior psychologist" (button and fingernails examples).
VI. Humanism founded by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow in 1940s. It became "Third Force" after behaviorism and psychodynamic schools (explain). It emphasized free will in contrast determinism of other two forces (explain). It is similar to Gestalt in terms of considering the whole person (explain).
VII. Eclecticism combines the best of various schools, including cognitive and biopsychological views (explain).
I hope this helps a little more. Thanks for asking.
The different areas of school of thoughts refer to various branches or approaches that exist within a particular field of study or discipline. These areas represent different perspectives, theories, or methodologies that scholars and thinkers employ to understand and interpret various phenomena. Depending on the field of study you are referring to, there can be multiple named areas of school of thoughts. Let's explore a few examples to give you a better understanding.
1. Psychology: In the field of psychology, there are several prominent areas of school of thoughts, including:
- Behaviorism: This perspective focuses on studying observable behaviors and the environmental factors that shape them.
- Psychoanalysis: This approach, developed by Sigmund Freud, emphasizes unconscious drives and conflicts as determinants of human behavior and personality.
- Cognitive Psychology: This perspective focuses on mental processes such as thinking, memory, and problem-solving.
- Humanistic Psychology: This school of thought emphasizes personal growth, self-actualization, and the fulfillment of human potential.
2. Economics: In economics, there are different theories or schools of thought that offer varied explanations and policy prescriptions:
- Classical Economics: This school of thought, popularized by economists like Adam Smith and David Ricardo, emphasizes the importance of free markets and minimal government intervention.
- Keynesian Economics: This approach, developed by John Maynard Keynes, highlights the role of government intervention in managing and stabilizing the economy.
- Monetarism: Monetarists, like Milton Friedman, focus on the role of money supply and its impact on economic stability and growth.
- Behavioral Economics: This field combines insights from psychology and economics to understand how human behavior influences economic decisions.
3. Sociology: Within sociology, different areas of school of thoughts help analyze society and social behavior:
- Functionalism: This perspective views society as a complex system with interconnected parts that work together to maintain social equilibrium.
- Conflict Theory: This approach, associated with Karl Marx, highlights the role of social conflict and power struggles in shaping society.
- Symbolic Interactionism: This school of thought examines how individuals interact and give meaning to symbols, language, and social interactions.
- Feminist Theory: This perspective focuses on gender inequality and advocates for social, political, and economic equality between genders.
It's important to note that these are just a few examples, and different fields of study may have their own unique set of areas of school of thoughts. Exploring these different perspectives can enrich our understanding and provide us with a broader view of the subject matter at hand.