Identify the circulatory problem and symptoms which would result if a child was born with an incomplete AV valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle.
If a child was born with an incomplete AV (atrioventricular) valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle, it would be a condition called mitral valve regurgitation or mitral insufficiency. In this condition, the valve doesn't close properly, allowing blood to leak back into the left atrium during the contraction of the left ventricle.
This circulatory problem can have several symptoms, including:
1. Dyspnea (shortness of breath): As the left atrium receives a backflow of blood, it can lead to an accumulation of fluid in the lungs, resulting in difficulty breathing.
2. Fatigue and weakness: The incomplete closure of the AV valve leads to decreased efficiency of the left ventricle, which means the heart has to work harder to pump the blood, causing fatigue and weakness.
3. Heart palpitations: Some individuals may experience an irregular or rapid heartbeat due to the improper flow of blood.
4. Pulmonary congestion: The backflow of blood can cause fluid to accumulate in the lungs, leading to symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, and chest discomfort.
5. Edema (swelling): Insufficient forward movement of blood can cause fluid retention in the legs, ankles, and feet, resulting in swelling.
Diagnosing this condition typically involves medical examinations, such as echocardiography, which uses sound waves to create images of the heart and assess the function of the valves. Once diagnosed, treatment options can range from medications to surgery, depending on the severity of the condition.